Act 1 adaptor protein (Act 1) is an essential intermediate in the interleukin-17 pathway. The IL-17 protein is a pro-inflammatory cytokine important for tissue inflammation in host defense against infection and in autoimmune disease. It is produced by the CD4 + T cells, in particular the Th17 cells. There are 6 subtypes of IL-17, from IL-17A to IL17-F, these subtypes have nearly identical structures. We know that the cytokines are interacting homotypically, but IL-17A and IL-17F are capable do perform heterotypic interaction too.[1]
Each cytokine has its own receptor, IL-17RA to IL-17F, and their pathways are still under investigation. It has been proven that these receptors are not using MyD88 and IRAK in their signaling pathways. They indeed use the adaptor Act1 protein, and TRAF family protein in order to activate the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB),[2] a transcription factor involved in the immunity response (see the pathways explanation below).[3] This protein has different binding sites, which can physically attach the different components in order to activate them.
Act1 is crucial in the IL-17 signaling pathway. Moreover, this protein is only used in cells expressing CD40 and CD40L, which are also from the tumor necrosis receptor superfamily and more importantly expressed by B cells. It can also be expressed by other cell types such as epithelial cells, monocytes, basophils, dendritic cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells. Therefore, Act1 has a very wide impact on the immune system.
Act1 malfunction could induce autoimmunity (see below).
^Wu, Ling; Zepp, Jarod; Li, Xiaoxia (2012), Lambris, John D.; Hajishengallis, George (eds.), "Function of Act1 in IL-17 Family Signaling and Autoimmunity", Current Topics in Innate Immunity II, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 946, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 223–235, doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0106-3_13, ISBN 978-1-4614-0105-6, PMC 6873457, PMID 21948371
Act1adaptorprotein (Act1) is an essential intermediate in the interleukin-17 pathway. The IL-17 protein is a pro-inflammatory cytokine important for...
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