"Th2" redirects here. For the professional wrestling tag team, see The Hybrid 2.
The T helper cells (Th cells), also known as CD4+ cells or CD4-positive cells, are a type of T cell that play an important role in the adaptive immune system. They aid the activity of other immune cells by releasing cytokines. They are considered essential in B cell antibody class switching, breaking cross-tolerance in dendritic cells, in the activation and growth of cytotoxic T cells, and in maximizing bactericidal activity of phagocytes such as macrophages and neutrophils. CD4+ cells are mature Th cells that express the surface protein CD4. Genetic variation in regulatory elements expressed by CD4+ cells determines susceptibility to a broad class of autoimmune diseases.[1]
^Burren OS, Rubio García A, Javierre BM, Rainbow DB, Cairns J, Cooper NJ, et al. (September 2017). "Chromosome contacts in activated T cells identify autoimmune disease candidate genes". Genome Biology. 18 (1): 165. doi:10.1186/s13059-017-1285-0. PMC 5584004. PMID 28870212.
CD4+ "helper" Tcells. (These are named for the presence of the cell surface proteins CD8 or CD4.) CD8+ Tcells, also known as "killer Tcells", are cytotoxic...
Thelper 3 cells (Th3) are a subset of T lymphocytes with immunoregulary and immunosuppressive functions, that can be induced by administration of foreign...
regulatory Tcells). These Treg cells are different from helperTcells. Another regulatory Tcell subset is Treg17 cells. Regulatory Tcells are involved...
Gamma delta Tcells (γδ Tcells) are Tcells that have a γδ T-cell receptor (TCR) on their surface. Most Tcells are αβ (alpha beta) Tcells with TCR composed...
cytotoxic Tcells (CD8-positive) subset, similar populations appear to exist for both the helperTcells (CD4-positive) and the cytotoxic Tcells. Primary...
immunoreceptors, chimeric Tcell receptors or artificial Tcell receptors—are receptor proteins that have been engineered to give Tcells the new ability to...
killer T (NKT) cells are a heterogeneous group of Tcells that share properties of both Tcells and natural killer cells. Many of these cells recognize...
activated it. HelperT-cells require a much milder activation stimulus than cytotoxic Tcells. HelperTcells can provide extra signals that "help" activate...
by B cells or macrophages. This activates the B cell only partially. Antigen processing. Antigen presentation. Activation of the Thelpercells by antigen-presenting...
from naive B cells being exposed to follicular dendritic cell cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-15, 8D6, and BAFF. Stimulation from helperTcells is also required...
Pai SY (February 2009). "GATA3 and the T-cell lineage: essential functions before and after T-helper-2-cell differentiation". Nature Reviews Immunology...
for the T-cell receptor (TCR). CD4 is found on the surface of immune cells such as helperTcells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. It was...
Th22 cells (Thelpercells type 22) are subpopulation of CD4+ Tcells that produce interleukin-22 (IL-22). They play a role in the protective mechanisms...
CD8+ Tcells, the formation of CD8+ memory Tcells requires the interaction of dendritic cells with CD4+ helperTcells. This help from CD4+ Tcells additionally...