In biology, chimeric antigen receptors (CARs)—also known as chimeric immunoreceptors, chimeric T cell receptors or artificial T cell receptors—are receptor proteins that have been engineered to give T cells the new ability to target a specific antigen. The receptors are chimeric in that they combine both antigen-binding and T cell activating functions into a single receptor.
CAR T cell therapy uses T cells engineered with CARs to treat cancer. T cells are modified to recognize cancer cells and destroy them. The standard approach is to harvest T cells from patients, genetically alter them, then infuse the resulting CAR T cells into patients to attack their tumors.[1]
CAR T cells can be derived either autologously from T cells in a patient's own blood or allogeneically from those of a donor. Once isolated, these T cells are genetically engineered to express a specific CAR, using a vector derived from an engineered lentivirus such as HIV (see Lentiviral vector in gene therapy). The CAR programs the T cells to target an antigen present on the tumor cell surface. For safety, CAR T cells are engineered to be specific to an antigen that is expressed on a tumor cell but not on healthy cells.[2]
After the modified T cells are infused into a patient, they act as a "living drug" against cancer cells.[3] When they come in contact with their targeted antigen on a cell's surface, T cells bind to it and become activated, then proceed to proliferate and become cytotoxic.[4] CAR T cells destroy cells through several mechanisms, including extensive stimulated cell proliferation, increasing the degree to which they are toxic to other living cells (cytotoxicity), and by causing the increased secretion of factors that can affect other cells such as cytokines, interleukins and growth factors.[5]
The surface of CAR T cells can bear either of two types of co-receptors, CD4 and CD8. These two cell types, called CD4+ and CD8+, respectively, have different and interacting cytotoxic effects. Therapies employing a 1-to-1 ratio of the cell types apparently provide synergistic antitumor effects.[6]
^Fox M (July 12, 2017). "New Gene Therapy for Cancer Offers Hope to Those With No Options Left". NBC News.
^Cite error: The named reference Sadelain2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Hartmann J, Schüßler-Lenz M, Bondanza A, Buchholz CJ (September 2017). "Clinical development of CAR T cells-challenges and opportunities in translating innovative treatment concepts". EMBO Molecular Medicine. 9 (9): 1183–1197. doi:10.15252/emmm.201607485. PMC 5582407. PMID 28765140.
^Tang XJ, Sun XY, Huang KM, Zhang L, Yang ZS, Zou DD, et al. (December 2015). "Therapeutic potential of CAR-T cell-derived exosomes: a cell-free modality for targeted cancer therapy". Oncotarget. 6 (42): 44179–44190. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.6175. PMC 4792550. PMID 26496034.
immunotherapies are Tcell therapies. Other therapies include CAR-T therapy, CAR-NK therapy, macrophage-based immunotherapy and dendritic cell therapy. Although...
receptor (CAR)-Tcell delivery is the methodology by which clinicians introduce the cancer-targeting therapeutic system of the CAR-Tcell to the human...
one vaccine (sipuleucel-T for prostate cancer) has been approved. In cell-mediated therapies like CAR-Tcell therapy, immune cells are extracted from the...
Compared to CARTcells, CAR NK cells retain unchanged expression of NK cell activating receptors. Thus, NK cells recognize and kill tumor cells even if,...
molecules. Unlike CAR-T'scell surface antigens, TCR-T can recognize that larger set of intracellular antigen fragments. However, TCR-Tcell therapy depends...
(February 2019). "Clinical trials of dual-target CARTcells, donor-derived CARTcells, and universal CARTcells for acute lymphoid leukemia". Journal of Hematology...
immune response, spearheaded by the CAR-Tcells. There are various known inhibitory receptors on the CAR-Tcell; through manipulation of these receptors...
hydrogen cars publicly available in select markets: the Toyota Mirai (2014–), which is the world's first commercially produced dedicated fuel cell electric...
genetically engineered autologous CARTcell therapy, a cell-based therapy which relies on chimeric antigen receptors and Tcells. Founded in 2009, and based...
receptor CAR-Tcell therapies are FDA-approved for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, including lisocabtagene maraleucel (for relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma...
contributions to Tcell engineering and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy, an immunotherapy based on the genetic engineering of a patient's own Tcells to treat...
cell transfer of autologous T-cells modified with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR-Tcell therapy) also causes CRS. Serum samples of patients with CAR-T...
tiredness. Lisocabtagene maraleucel, a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) Tcell (CAR-T) therapy, is the third gene therapy approved by the US Food and Drug...
claimed that a car retrofitted with the device could use water as fuel instead of gasoline. Meyer's claims about his "Water Fuel Cell" and the car that it powered...
receptors (CAR) Tcell therapy is an immunotherapy treatment that uses genetically modified T lymphocytes to effectively target tumor cells. CARs are programmed...
genetically engineered to produce a specific T-cell receptor. The resulting chimeric antigen receptor Tcells (CAR-Ts) that react to the cancer are then given...
Cellectis has developed CART-cell treatments for blood cancer. Most CAR-T therapies under development as of 2017 involved taking T-cells from the person with...
myeloma (MM), also known as plasma cell myeloma and simply myeloma, is a cancer of plasma cells, a type of white blood cell that normally produces antibodies...
autoleucel is a BCMA (B-cell maturation antigen)-directed genetically modified autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. Each dose is customized...
A fuel cell vehicle (FCV) or fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) is an electric vehicle that uses a fuel cell, sometimes in combination with a small battery...
tumour cells. The technique has been tested on refractory stage IV metastatic melanomas and advanced skin cancer. The first FDA-approved CAR-T drug, Kymriah...