Sponges and their microbiomes are considered a holobiont.[1]
Sponge microbiomes are diverse communities of microorganisms in symbiotic association with marine sponges as their hosts.[2] These microorganisms include bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses, among others.[3] The sponges have the ability to filter seawater and recycle nutrients while providing a safe habitat to many microorganisms, which provide the sponge host with fixed nitrogen and carbon, and stimulates the immune system.[3][4] Together, a sponge and its microbiome form a holobiont, with a single sponge often containing more than 40 bacterial phyla, making sponge microbial environments a diverse and dense community.[2][5][6] Furthermore, individual holobionts work hand in hand with other near holobionts becoming a nested ecosystem, affecting the environment at multiple scales.[3]
^Pita, L.; Rix, L.; Slaby, B. M.; Franke, A.; Hentschel, U. (2018-03-09). "The sponge holobiont in a changing ocean: from microbes to ecosystems". Microbiome. 6 (1): 46. doi:10.1186/s40168-018-0428-1. ISSN 2049-2618. PMC 5845141. PMID 29523192.
^ abThomas, Torsten; Moitinho-Silva, Lucas; Lurgi, Miguel; Björk, Johannes R.; Easson, Cole; Astudillo-García, Carmen; Olson, Julie B.; Erwin, Patrick M.; López-Legentil, Susanna; Luter, Heidi; Chaves-Fonnegra, Andia; Costa, Rodrigo; Schupp, Peter J.; Steindler, Laura; Erpenbeck, Dirk (2016-06-16). "Diversity, structure and convergent evolution of the global sponge microbiome". Nature Communications. 7 (1): 11870. Bibcode:2016NatCo...711870T. doi:10.1038/ncomms11870. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4912640. PMID 27306690.
^ abcPita, L.; Rix, L.; Slaby, B. M.; Franke, A.; Hentschel, U. (2018-03-09). "The sponge holobiont in a changing ocean: from microbes to ecosystems". Microbiome. 6 (1): 46. doi:10.1186/s40168-018-0428-1. ISSN 2049-2618. PMC 5845141. PMID 29523192.
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their tissue and skeleton microbiomes. The coral skeleton, which represents the most diverse of the three coral microbiomes, showed the strongest evidence...
(6 March 2020). Plant Microbiomes for Sustainable Agriculture. Springer. ISBN 9783030384531. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plant microbiomes....
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fungal partner. Recent work suggests that non-photosynthetic bacterial microbiomes associated with lichens may also have functional significance to lichens...
Franke A, Hentschel U (March 2018). "The sponge holobiont in a changing ocean: from microbes to ecosystems". Microbiome. 6 (1): 46. doi:10.1186/s40168-018-0428-1...
activity of those communities. Metagenomic DNA - Gene profiles of spongemicrobiomes were compared to surrounding planktonic communities. Core function...
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Ivan N.; et al. (21 January 2024). "Viroid-like colonists of human microbiomes". bioRxiv: 2024.01.20.576352. doi:10.1101/2024.01.20.576352. PMC 10827157...
Franke, A. and Hentschel, U. (2018) "The sponge holobiont in a changing ocean: from microbes to ecosystems". Microbiome, 6(1): 46. doi:10.1186/s40168-018-0428-1...
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