This article is about the phylum of aquatic animal. For the porous cleaning tool, see Sponge (tool). For other uses, see Sponge (disambiguation).
Sponges
Temporal range: Ediacaran-present; probable Cryogenian record,[1]650–0 Ma
Pha.
Proterozoic
Archean
Had.
A stove-pipe sponge
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Porifera Grant, 1836
Classes
Calcarea
Demospongiae
Hexactinellida
Homoscleromorpha
†Archaeocyatha
†"Heteractinida" (paraphyletic)
†Stromatoporoidea
Synonyms
Parazoa/Ahistozoa (sans Placozoa)[2]
Sponges (also known as sea sponges), the members of the phylum Porifera (/pəˈrɪfərə/; meaning 'pore bearer'), are a basal animal clade as a sister of the diploblasts.[3][4][5][6][7][excessive citations] They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them, consisting of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells.
Sponges have unspecialized cells that can transform into other types and that often migrate between the main cell layers and the mesohyl in the process. Sponges do not have complex nervous,[8] digestive or circulatory systems like humans. Instead, most rely on maintaining a constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food and oxygen and to remove wastes. Believed to be some of the most basal animals alive today, sponges were possibly the first to branch off the evolutionary tree from the last common ancestor of all animals, which would make them the sister group of all other animals.[3]
^Zumberge JA, Love GD, Cárdenas P, Sperling EA, Gunasekera S, Rohrssen M, et al. (November 2018). "Demosponge steroid biomarker 26-methylstigmastane provides evidence for Neoproterozoic animals". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (11): 1709–1714. Bibcode:2018NatEE...2.1709Z. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0676-2. PMC 6589438. PMID 30323207.
^Pajdzińska A (2018). "Animals die more shallowly: they aren't deceased, they're dead. Animals in the polish linguistic worldview and in contemporary life sciences". Ethnolinguistic. 29: 147–161. doi:10.17951/et.2017.29.135.
^ abFeuda R, Dohrmann M, Pett W, Philippe H, Rota-Stabelli O, Lartillot N, et al. (December 2017). "Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals". Current Biology. 27 (24): 3864–3870.e4. Bibcode:2017CBio...27E3864F. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008. PMID 29199080.
^Pisani D, Pett W, Dohrmann M, Feuda R, Rota-Stabelli O, Philippe H, et al. (December 2015). "Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (50): 15402–7. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11215402P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1518127112. PMC 4687580. PMID 26621703.
^Simion P, Philippe H, Baurain D, Jager M, Richter DJ, Di Franco A, et al. (April 2017). "A Large and Consistent Phylogenomic Dataset Supports Sponges as the Sister Group to All Other Animals" (PDF). Current Biology. 27 (7): 958–967. Bibcode:2017CBio...27..958S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.031. PMID 28318975. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-25. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
^Giribet G (1 October 2016). "Genomics and the animal tree of life: conflicts and future prospects". Zoologica Scripta. 45: 14–21. doi:10.1111/zsc.12215. ISSN 1463-6409.
^Laumer CE, Gruber-Vodicka H, Hadfield MG, Pearse VB, Riesgo A, Marioni JC, et al. (2017-10-11). "Placozoans are eumetazoans related to Cnidaria". bioRxiv 10.1101/200972.
^Moroz LL, Romanova DY (23 December 2022). "Alternative neural systems: What is a neuron? (Ctenophores, sponges and placozoans)". Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 10: 1071961. doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.1071961. PMC 9816575. PMID 36619868.
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