Sleeping disorders following traumatic brain injury information
Sleep disorders as common repercussions of traumatic brain injury
Sleep disorder is a common repercussion of traumatic brain injury (TBI).[1][2] It occurs in 30%-70% of patients with TBI.[1][2] TBI can be distinguished into two categories, primary and secondary damage. Primary damage includes injuries of white matter, focal contusion, cerebral edema and hematomas,[3] mostly occurring at the moment of the trauma. Secondary damage involves the damage of neurotransmitter release, inflammatory responses, mitochondrial dysfunctions and gene activation,[3] occurring minutes to days following the trauma. Patients with sleeping disorders following TBI specifically develop insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, periodic limb movement disorder and hypersomnia.[1][3][4] Furthermore, circadian sleep-wake disorders can occur after TBI.[1][3][5]
^ abcdViola-Saltzman M, Musleh C (2016-02-15). "Traumatic brain injury-induced sleep disorders". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 12: 339–48. doi:10.2147/NDT.S69105. PMC 4760657. PMID 26929626.
^ abCastriotta RJ, Murthy JN (March 2011). "Sleep disorders in patients with traumatic brain injury: a review". CNS Drugs. 25 (3): 175–85. doi:10.2165/11584870-000000000-00000. PMID 21062105. S2CID 35673846.
^ abcdRao V, Neubauer D, Vaishnavi S (September 2015). "Sleep Disturbances After Traumatic Brain Injury". Psychiatric Times. 32 (9).
^Mazwi NL, Fusco H, Zafonte R (2015). "Sleep in traumatic brain injury". Traumatic Brain Injury, Part II. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 128. pp. 553–66. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-63521-1.00035-2. ISBN 9780444635211. PMID 25701907.
^Parcell DL, Ponsford JL, Rajaratnam SM, Redman JR (February 2006). "Self-reported changes to nighttime sleep after traumatic brain injury". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 87 (2): 278–85. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2005.10.024. PMID 16442985.
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