Disorders of consciousness are medical conditions that inhibit consciousness.[1] Some define disorders of consciousness as any change from complete self-awareness to inhibited or absent self-awareness and arousal. This category generally includes minimally conscious state and persistent vegetative state, but sometimes also includes the less severe locked-in syndrome and more severe but rare chronic coma.[1][2] Differential diagnosis of these disorders is an active area of biomedical research.[3][4][5] Finally, brain death results in an irreversible disruption of consciousness.[1] While other conditions may cause a moderate deterioration (e.g., dementia and delirium) or transient interruption (e.g., grand mal and petit mal seizures) of consciousness, they are not included in this category.[citation needed]
^Bernat JL (20 Jul 2010). "The natural history of chronic disorders of consciousness". Neurology. 75 (3): 206–207. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e8e960. PMID 20554939. S2CID 30959964.
^Coleman MR, Davis MH, Rodd JM, Robson T, Ali A, Owen AM, Pickard JD (Sep 2009). "Towards the routine use of brain imaging to aid the clinical diagnosis of disorders of consciousness". Brain. 132 (9): 2541–2552. doi:10.1093/brain/awp183. PMID 19710182.
^Monti MM, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Coleman MR, Boly M, Pickard JD, Tshibanda L, Owen AM, Laureys S (18 Feb 2010). "Willful modulation of brain activity in disorders of consciousness". N Engl J Med. 362 (7): 579–589. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0905370. PMID 20130250. S2CID 13358991.
^Seel RT, Sherer M, Whyte J, Katz DI, Giacino JT, Rosenbaum AM, Hammond FM, Kalmar K, Pape TL, et al. (Dec 2010). "Assessment scales for disorders of consciousness: evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice and research". Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 91 (12): 1795–1813. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2010.07.218. PMID 21112421.
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