Global InformationAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder information
| Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | |
|---|---|
 | |
| People with ADHD struggle more than others to sustain their attention on some tasks (such as schoolwork), but may maintain an unusually intense level of attention for tasks they find immediately rewarding or interesting. | |
| Specialty |
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| Symptoms |
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| Usual onset | Typically at least some ADHD symptoms and impairments onset during the developmental period. Exceptions include if they were compensated for (e.g., by a high IQ or structured environment) or if the individual clearly suffered a neurologically compromising event. |
| Causes | Genetic (inherited, de novo) and to a lesser extent, environmental factors (exposure to biohazards during pregnancy, traumatic brain injury) |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms after other possible causes have been ruled out |
| Differential diagnosis |
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| Treatment |
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| Medication |
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| Frequency | 0.8–1.5% (2019, using DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10)[2] |
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by executive dysfunction occasioning symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity and emotional dysregulation that are excessive and pervasive, impairing in multiple contexts, and otherwise age-inappropriate.[8]
ADHD symptoms arise from executive dysfunction,[17] and emotional dysregulation is often considered a core symptom.[21] Difficulties with self-regulation such as time management, inhibition and sustained attention may result in poor academic performance, unemployment and numerous health risks,[22] collectively predisposing to a diminished quality of life[23] and a direct average reduction in life expectancy of 13 years.[24][25] ADHD is associated with other neurodevelopmental and mental disorders as well as some non-psychiatric disorders, which can cause additional impairment, especially in modern society.[26]
Although people with ADHD struggle to persist on tasks with temporally delayed consequences, they may be able to maintain an unusually prolonged level of attention for tasks they do find intrinsically interesting or immediately rewarding;[27][16] this is known as hyperfocus (more colloquially)[28] or perseverative responding.[29] This is a mental state in which a person is completely absorbed in a task to the point of apparently ignoring or "tuning out" everything else, often with difficulty disengaging[27][30] and can be related to risks such as for internet addiction[31] and types of offending behaviour.[32]
ADHD represents the extreme lower end of the continuous dimensional trait (bell curve) of executive functioning and self-regulation, which is supported by twin, brain imaging and molecular genetic studies.[33][12][34][16][35][36][37]
The precise causes of ADHD are unknown in the majority of cases.[38][39] For most people with ADHD, many genetic and environmental risk factors accumulate to cause the disorder.[40] The environmental risks for ADHD most often exert their influence in the prenatal period.[7] However, in rare cases a single event might cause ADHD such as traumatic brain injury,[41][42][43][44] exposure to biohazards during pregnancy,[7] a major genetic mutation[45] or extreme environmental deprivation early in life.[46] There is no biologically distinct adult onset ADHD except for when ADHD occurs after traumatic brain injury.[47][42][48]
- ^ Young K (9 February 2017). "Anxiety or ADHD? Why They Sometimes Look the Same and How to Tell the Difference". Hey Sigmund. Archived from the original on 26 January 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
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GBD2019was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013. pp. 59–65. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
- ^ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing. February 2022. ISBN 978-0-89042-575-6. OCLC 1288423302.
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Foreman_2006was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c Faraone SV, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Zheng Y, Biederman J, Bellgrove MA, et al. (September 2021). "The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 128. Elsevier BV: 789–818. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022. PMC 8328933. PMID 33549739.
- ^ [3][4][5][6][7]
- ^ Pievsky MA, McGrath RE (March 2018). "The Neurocognitive Profile of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review of Meta-Analyses". Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 33 (2): 143–157. doi:10.1093/arclin/acx055. PMID 29106438.
- ^ Schoechlin C, Engel RR (August 2005). "Neuropsychological performance in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis of empirical data". Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 20 (6): 727–744. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2005.04.005. PMID 15953706.
- ^ Hart H, Radua J, Nakao T, Mataix-Cols D, Rubia K (February 2013). "Meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of inhibition and attention in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: exploring task-specific, stimulant medication, and age effects". JAMA Psychiatry. 70 (2): 185–198. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.277. PMID 23247506.
- ^ a b Hoogman M, Muetzel R, Guimaraes JP, Shumskaya E, Mennes M, Zwiers MP, et al. (July 2019). "Brain Imaging of the Cortex in ADHD: A Coordinated Analysis of Large-Scale Clinical and Population-Based Samples". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 176 (7): 531–542. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18091033. PMC 6879185. PMID 31014101.
- ^ Brown TE (October 2008). "ADD/ADHD and Impaired Executive Function in Clinical Practice". Current Psychiatry Reports. 10 (5): 407–411. doi:10.1007/s11920-008-0065-7. PMID 18803914. S2CID 146463279.
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EFs and prefrontal cortex are the first to suffer, and suffer disproportionately, if something is not right in your life. They suffer first, and most, if you are stressed (Arnsten 1998, Liston et al. 2009, Oaten & Cheng 2005), sad (Hirt et al. 2008, von Hecker & Meiser 2005), lonely (Baumeister et al. 2002, Cacioppo & Patrick 2008, Campbell et al. 2006, Tun et al. 2012), sleep deprived (Barnes et al. 2012, Huang et al. 2007), or not physically fit (Best 2010, Chaddock et al. 2011, Hillman et al. 2008). Any of these can cause you to appear to have a disorder of EFs, such as ADHD, when you do not.
- ^ a b c Antshel KM, Hier BO, Barkley RA (2014). "Executive Functioning Theory and ADHD". In Goldstein S, Naglieri JA (eds.). Handbook of Executive Functioning. New York, NY: Springer. pp. 107–120. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8106-5_7. ISBN 978-1-4614-8106-5.
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- ^ Shaw P, Stringaris A, Nigg J, Leibenluft E (March 2014). "Emotion dysregulation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 171 (3): 276–293. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13070966. PMC 4282137. PMID 24480998.
- ^ [18][19][20]
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- ^ Lee YC, Yang HJ, Chen VC, Lee WT, Teng MJ, Lin CH, et al. (1 April 2016). "Meta-analysis of quality of life in children and adolescents with ADHD: By both parent proxy-report and child self-report using PedsQL™". Research in Developmental Disabilities. 51–52: 160–172. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2015.11.009. PMID 26829402.
- ^ Barkley RA, Fischer M (July 2019). "Hyperactive Child Syndrome and Estimated Life Expectancy at Young Adult Follow-Up: The Role of ADHD Persistence and Other Potential Predictors". Journal of Attention Disorders. 23 (9): 907–923. doi:10.1177/1087054718816164. PMID 30526189. S2CID 54472439.
- ^ Cattoi B, Alpern I, Katz JS, Keepnews D, Solanto MV (April 2022). "The Adverse Health Outcomes, Economic Burden, and Public Health Implications of Unmanaged Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Call to Action Resulting from CHADD Summit, Washington, DC, October 17, 2019". Journal of Attention Disorders. 26 (6): 807–808. doi:10.1177/10870547211036754. PMID 34585995. S2CID 238218526.
- ^ "'A horrible, perfect storm': Frustrations rise as shortage of Adderall, other ADHD medication continues". Chicago Tribune. 12 February 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
- ^ a b Barkley RA, Murphy KR (1 June 2011). "The Nature of Executive Function (EF) Deficits in Daily Life Activities in Adults with ADHD and Their Relationship to Performance on EF Tests". Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 33 (2): 137–158. doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9217-x. ISSN 1573-3505.
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