Obstructive sleep apnea: As soft tissue falls to the back of the throat, it impedes the passage of air (blue arrows) through the trachea.
Specialty
Sleep medicine
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder and is characterized by recurrent episodes of complete or partial obstruction of the upper airway leading to reduced or absent breathing during sleep. These episodes are termed "apneas" with complete or near-complete cessation of breathing, or "hypopneas" when the reduction in breathing is partial. In either case, a fall in blood oxygen saturation, a disruption in sleep, or both, may result. A high frequency of apneas or hypopneas during sleep may interfere with the quality of sleep, which – in combination with disturbances in blood oxygenation – is thought to contribute to negative consequences to health and quality of life.[1] The terms obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) or obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) may be used to refer to OSA when it is associated with symptoms during the daytime (e.g. excessive daytime sleepiness, decreased cognitive function).[2][3]
Most individuals with obstructive sleep apnea are unaware of disturbances in breathing while sleeping, even after awakening. A bed partner or family member may observe a person snoring or appear to stop breathing, gasp, or choke while sleeping. People who live or sleep alone are often unaware of the condition. Symptoms may be present for years or even decades without identification, during which time the person may become conditioned to the daytime sleepiness, headaches and fatigue associated with significant levels of sleep disturbance. Obstructive sleep apnea has been associated with neurocognitive morbidity and there is a link between snoring and neurocognitive disorders.[4]
^Punjabi, Naresh M.; Caffo, Brian S.; Goodwin, James L.; Gottlieb, Daniel J.; Newman, Anne B.; O'Connor, George T.; Rapoport, David M.; Redline, Susan; Resnick, Helaine E.; Robbins, John A.; Shahar, Eyal; Unruh, Mark L.; Samet, Jonathan M. (18 August 2009). "Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Study". PLOS Medicine. 6 (8): e1000132. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000132. PMC 2722083. PMID 19688045.
^Barnes L, ed. (2009). Surgical pathology of the head and neck (3rd ed.). New York: Informa healthcare. ISBN 978-1-4200-9163-2.: 226
^Young, Terry; Skatrud, J; Peppard, PE (28 April 2004). "Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults". JAMA. 291 (16): 2013–2016. doi:10.1001/jama.291.16.2013. PMID 15113821. S2CID 12315855.
^Berry, Richard B.; Budhiraja, Rohit; Gottlieb, Daniel J.; Gozal, David; Iber, Conrad; Kapur, Vishesh K.; Marcus, Carole L.; Mehra, Reena; Parthasarathy, Sairam; Quan, Stuart F.; Redline, Susan; Strohl, Kingman P.; Ward, Sally L. Davidson; Tangredi, Michelle M.; American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2012). "Rules for Scoring Respiratory Events in Sleep: Update of the 2007 AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events". Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 08 (5): 597–619. doi:10.5664/jcsm.2172. PMC 3459210. PMID 23066376.
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