Global InformationEating disorder information
| Eating disorder | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Psychiatry, clinical psychology |
| Symptoms | Abnormal eating habits that negatively affect physical or mental health[1] |
| Complications | Anxiety disorders, depression, substance abuse,[2] arrhythmia, heart failure and other heart problems, acid reflux (gastroesophageal reflux disease or GERD), gastrointestinal problems, low blood pressure (hypotension), organ failure and brain damage, osteoporosis and tooth damage, severe dehydration and constipation, stopped menstrual cycles (amenorrhea), infertility, stroke[3] |
| Types | Binge eating disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, pica, rumination disorder, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, night eating syndrome[1] |
| Causes | Unclear[4] |
| Risk factors | Gastrointestinal disorders, history of sexual abuse, being a dancer or gymnast[5][6][7][8] |
| Treatment | Counseling, proper diet, normal amount of exercise, medications[2] |
An eating disorder is a mental disorder defined by abnormal eating behaviors that adversely affect a person's physical or mental health.[1] Types of eating disorders include binge eating disorder, where the patient eats a large amount in a short period of time; anorexia nervosa, where the person has an intense fear of gaining weight and restricts food or overexercises to manage this fear; bulimia nervosa, where individuals eat a large quantity (binging) then try to rid themselves of the food (purging); pica, where the patient eats non-food items; rumination syndrome, where the patient regurgitates undigested or minimally digested food; avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), where people have a reduced or selective food intake due to some psychological reasons; and a group of other specified feeding or eating disorders.[1] Anxiety disorders, depression and substance abuse are common among people with eating disorders.[2] These disorders do not include obesity.[1] People often experience comorbidity between an eating disorder and OCD. It is estimated 20–60% of patients with an ED have a history of OCD.[9]
The causes of eating disorders are not clear, although both biological and environmental factors appear to play a role.[2][4] Cultural idealization of thinness is believed to contribute to some eating disorders.[4] Individuals who have experienced sexual abuse are also more likely to develop eating disorders.[7] Some disorders such as pica and rumination disorder occur more often in people with intellectual disabilities.[1]
Treatment can be effective for many eating disorders.[2] Treatment varies by disorder and may involve counseling, dietary advice, reducing excessive exercise, and the reduction of efforts to eliminate food.[2] Medications may be used to help with some of the associated symptoms.[2] Hospitalization may be needed in more serious cases.[2] About 70% of people with anorexia and 50% of people with bulimia recover within five years.[10] Only 10% of people with eating disorders receive treatment, and of those, approximately 80% do not receive the proper care. Many are sent home weeks earlier than the recommended stay and are not provided with the necessary treatment.[11] Recovery from binge eating disorder is less clear and estimated at 20% to 60%.[10] Both anorexia and bulimia increase the risk of death.[10] When people experience comorbidity with an eating disorder and OCD, certain aspects of treatment can be negatively impacted. OCD can make it harder to recover from obsession over weight and shape, body dissatisfaction, and body checking.[12] This is in part because ED cognitions serve a similar purpose to OCD obsessions and compulsions (e.g., safety behaviors as temporary relief from anxiety).[13] Research shows OCD does not have an impact on the BMI of patients during treatment.[12]
Estimates of the prevalence of eating disorders vary widely, reflecting differences in gender, age, and culture as well as methods used for diagnosis and measurement.[14][15][16] In the developed world, anorexia affects about 0.4% and bulimia affects about 1.3% of young women in a given year.[1] Binge eating disorder affects about 1.6% of women and 0.8% of men in a given year.[1] According to one analysis, the percent of women who will have anorexia at some point in their lives may be up to 4%, or up to 2% for bulimia and binge eating disorders.[10] Rates of eating disorders appear to be lower in less developed countries.[17] Anorexia and bulimia occur nearly ten times more often in females than males.[1] The typical onset of eating disorders is in late childhood to early adulthood.[2] Rates of other eating disorders are not clear.[1]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. pp. 329–354. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "What are Eating Disorders?". NIMH. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
- ^ "Eating Disorders". Clevelandclinic. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
- ^ a b c Rikani AA, Choudhry Z, Choudhry AM, Ikram H, Asghar MW, Kajal D, et al. (October 2013). "A critique of the literature on etiology of eating disorders". Annals of Neurosciences. 20 (4): 157–161. doi:10.5214/ans.0972.7531.200409. PMC 4117136. PMID 25206042.
- ^ Arcelus J, Witcomb GL, Mitchell A (March 2014). "Prevalence of eating disorders amongst dancers: a systemic review and meta-analysis". European Eating Disorders Review. 22 (2): 92–101. doi:10.1002/erv.2271. PMID 24277724.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
SatherleyHoward2015was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Chen LP, Murad MH, Paras ML, Colbenson KM, Sattler AL, Goranson EN, et al. (July 2010). "Sexual abuse and lifetime diagnosis of psychiatric disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 85 (7): 618–29. doi:10.4065/mcp.2009.0583. PMC 2894717. PMID 20458101.
- ^ McNamee M (2014). Sport, Medicine, Ethics. Routledge. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-134-61833-0.
- ^ Bang L, Kristensen UB, Wisting L, Stedal K, Garte M, Minde Å, Rø Ø (2020-01-30). "Presence of eating disorder symptoms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder". BMC Psychiatry. 20 (1): 36. doi:10.1186/s12888-020-2457-0. ISSN 1471-244X. PMC 6993325. PMID 32000754.
- ^ a b c d Smink FR, van Hoeken D, Hoek HW (November 2013). "Epidemiology, course, and outcome of eating disorders". Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 26 (6): 543–548. doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e328365a24f. PMID 24060914. S2CID 25976481.
- ^ "Eating Disorder Statistics". www.state.sc.us. Retrieved 2022-03-06.
- ^ a b Simpson HB, Wetterneck CT, Cahill SP, Steinglass JE, Franklin ME, Leonard RC, Weltzin TE, Riemann BC (March 2013). "Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Complicated by Comorbid Eating Disorders". Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. 42 (1): 64–76. doi:10.1080/16506073.2012.751124. ISSN 1650-6073. PMC 3947513. PMID 23316878.
- ^ Levinson CA, Brosof LC, Ram SS, Pruitt A, Russell S, Lenze EJ (2019-08-01). "Obsessions are strongly related to eating disorder symptoms in anorexia nervosa and atypical anorexia nervosa". Eating Behaviors. 34: 101298. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.05.001. ISSN 1471-0153. PMC 6708491. PMID 31176948.
- ^ Sweeting H, Walker L, MacLean A, Patterson C, Räisänen U, Hunt K (2015). "Prevalence of eating disorders in males: a review of rates reported in academic research and UK mass media". International Journal of Men's Health. 14 (2). doi:10.3149/jmh.1402.86 (inactive 31 January 2024). PMC 4538851. PMID 26290657.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link) - ^ Schaumberg K, Welch E, Breithaupt L, Hübel C, Baker JH, Munn-Chernoff MA, et al. (November 2017). "The Science Behind the Academy for Eating Disorders' Nine Truths About Eating Disorders". European Eating Disorders Review. 25 (6): 432–450. doi:10.1002/erv.2553. ISSN 1072-4133. PMC 5711426. PMID 28967161.
- ^ "Eating Disorder Statistics". National Eating Disorders Association. 22 August 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
- ^ Pike KM, Hoek HW, Dunne PE (November 2014). "Cultural trends and eating disorders". Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 27 (6): 436–42. doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000100. PMID 25211499. S2CID 2838248.