Schizophrenia and tobacco smoking have been historically associated.[1][2][3] Smoking is known to harm the health of people with schizophrenia.[1]
Studies across 20 countries showed that people with schizophrenia were much more likely to smoke than those without this diagnosis.[2] For example, in the United States, 90% or more of people with schizophrenia smoked, compared to 20% of the general population in 2006.[4]
It is well established that smoking is more prevalent among people with schizophrenia than the general population as well as those with other psychiatric diagnoses. There is currently no definitive explanation for this difference.[5] Many social, psychological, and biological explanations have been proposed, but today research focuses on neurobiology.[4][5]
One important reason people smoke cigarettes is due to finding it enjoyable.[5] However, increased rates of smoking among people with schizophrenia have a number of serious impacts, including increased rates of mortality, increased risks of suicidal behavior[1] and cardiovascular disease, reduced treatment effectiveness, and greater financial hardship.[4][5][6][7] Studies have also shown that in a male population, having a schizophrenia spectrum disorder makes it likely for people to use more tobacco.[8] As a result, researchers believe it is important for mental health professionals to combat smoking among people with schizophrenia.[1][4][5]
^ abcdSagud M, Mihaljevic Peles A, Pivac N (September 2019). "Smoking in schizophrenia: recent findings about an old problem". Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 32 (5): 402–408. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000529. PMID 31135490. S2CID 167219141.
^ abDe Leon, J; Diaz, FJ (2005). "A meta-analysis of worldwide studies demonstrates an association between schizophrenia and tobacco smoking behaviors". Schizophrenia Research. 76 (2–3): 135–57. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.02.010. PMID 15949648. S2CID 32975940.
^Gage, Suzanne H.; Jones, Hannah J.; Taylor, Amy E.; Burgess, Stephen; Zammit, Stanley; Munafò, Marcus R. (2017-01-19). "Investigating causality in associations between smoking initiation and schizophrenia using Mendelian randomization". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 40653. doi:10.1038/srep40653. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5244403.
^ abcdKeltner, Norman L.; Grant, Joan S. (2006). "Smoke, Smoke, Smoke That Cigarette". Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. 42 (4): 256–61. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6163.2006.00085.x. PMID 17107571.
^ abcdeMcCloughen, A (2003). "The association between schizophrenia and cigarette smoking: a review of the literature and implications for mental health nursing practice". International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. 12 (2): 119–29. doi:10.1046/j.1440-0979.2003.00278.x. PMID 12956023.
^Steinberg, ML; Williams, JM; Ziedonis, DM (2004). "Financial implications of cigarette smoking among individuals with schizophrenia". Tobacco Control. 13 (2): 206. PMC 1747846. PMID 15175544.
^Goff, DC; Sullivan, LM; McEvoy, JP; Meyer, JM; Nasrallah, HA; Daumit, GL; Lamberti, S; D'agostino, RB; et al. (2005). "A comparison of ten-year cardiac risk estimates in schizophrenia patients from the CATIE study and matched controls". Schizophrenia Research. 80 (1): 45–53. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.08.010. PMID 16198088. S2CID 21196294.
^Johnson, J.; Ratner, P.; Malchy, L.; Okoli, C.; Procyshyn, R.; Bottorff, J.; Groening, M.; Schultz, A.; Osborne, M. (2010). "Gender-specific profiles of tobacco use among non-institutionalized people with serious mental illness". BMC Psychiatry. 10: 101. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-10-101. PMC 3002315. PMID 21118563.
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