Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder with no precise or single cause. Schizophrenia is thought to arise from multiple mechanisms and complex gene–environment interactions with vulnerability factors.[1][2]Risk factors of schizophrenia have been identified and include genetic factors, environmental factors such as experiences in life and exposures in a person's environment, and also the function of a person's brain at it develops.[3] The interactions of these risk factors are intricate, as numerous and diverse medical insults from conception to adulthood can be involved.[4] Many theories have been proposed including the combination of genetic and environmental factors may lead to deficits in the neural circuits that affect sensory input and cognitive functions.[5]
A genetic predisposition on its own, without superimposed environmental risk factors, is not thought to give rise to schizophrenia.[4][6] Environmental risk factors are many, and include pregnancy complications, prenatal stress and nutrition, and adverse childhood experiences. An environmental risk factor may act alone or in combination with others.[7]
Schizophrenia typically develops between the ages of 16–30 (generally males aged 16–25 years and females 25–30 years); about 75 percent of people living with the illness developed it in these age-ranges. Childhood schizophrenia (very early onset schizophrenia) develops before the age of 13 years and is quite rare. On average there is a somewhat earlier onset for men than women, with the possible influence of the female sex hormone estrogen being one hypothesis and socio-cultural influences another.[8] Estrogen seems to have a dampening effect on dopamine receptors.[9]
^Mullin AP, Gokhale A, Moreno-De-Luca A, Sanyal S, Waddington JL, Faundez V (December 2013). "Neurodevelopmental disorders: mechanisms and boundary definitions from genomes, interactomes and proteomes". Transl Psychiatry. 3 (12): e329. doi:10.1038/tp.2013.108. PMC 4030327. PMID 24301647.
^Hayes D, Kyriakopoulos M (August 2018). "Dilemmas in the treatment of early-onset first-episode psychosis". Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology. 8 (8): 231–239. doi:10.1177/2045125318765725. PMC 6058451. PMID 30065814.
^"Schizophrenia - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)". www.nimh.nih.gov. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
^ abDavis J, Eyre H, Jacka FN, et al. (June 2016). "A review of vulnerability and risks for schizophrenia: Beyond the two hit hypothesis". Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 65: 185–94. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.017. PMC 4876729. PMID 27073049.
^George M, Maheshwari S, Chandran S, Manohar JS, Sathyanarayana Rao TS (October 2017). "Understanding the schizophrenia prodrome". Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 59 (4): 505–509. doi:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_464_17 (inactive 31 January 2024). PMC 5806335. PMID 29497198.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
^Perkovic MN, Erjavec GN, Strac DS, et al. (March 2017). "Theranostic biomarkers for schizophrenia". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 18 (4): 733. doi:10.3390/ijms18040733. PMC 5412319. PMID 28358316.
^Stilo, SA; Murray, RM (14 September 2019). "Non-Genetic Factors in Schizophrenia". Current Psychiatry Reports. 21 (10): 100. doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1091-3. PMC 6745031. PMID 31522306.
^Hochman, Karen M.; Lewine, Richard R. (1 August 2004). "Age of menarche and schizophrenia onset in women". Schizophrenia Research. 69 (2–3): 183–188. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(03)00176-2. PMID 15469192. S2CID 21135356.
^Häfner H (2019). "From Onset and Prodromal Stage to a Life-Long Course of Schizophrenia and Its Symptom Dimensions: How Sex, Age, and Other Risk Factors Influence Incidence and Course of Illness". Psychiatry Journal. 2019: 9804836. doi:10.1155/2019/9804836. PMC 6500669. PMID 31139639.
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