Global InformationEffects of cannabis information
The effects of cannabis are caused by chemical compounds in the cannabis plant, including 113[clarification needed] different cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and 120 terpenes,[1] which allow its drug to have various psychological and physiological effects on the human body. Different plants of the genus Cannabis contain different and often unpredictable concentrations of THC and other cannabinoids and hundreds of other molecules that have a pharmacological effect,[2][3] so the final net effect cannot reliably be foreseen.
Acute effects while under the influence can sometimes include euphoria or anxiety.[4][5] Although some assert that cannabidiol (CBD), another cannabinoid found in cannabis in varying amounts, may alleviate the adverse effects of THC that some users experience,[6] little is known about CBD effects on humans.[7][8] Cannabinoid receptor antagonists have previously been tested as antidotes for cannabis intoxication with success, reducing or eliminating the physiological and psychological effects of intoxication.[9] Some of these products are currently in development as cannabis antidotes.
In the United States, medical cannabis research is limited by federal restrictions.[10] Smoking any substance could possibly carry similar risks as smoking tobacco due to carcinogens present in all smoke,[11][12][13] and the ultimate conclusions on these factors are disputed.[14][15][16][17]
Cannabis use disorder is defined as a medical diagnosis in the fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).[18]
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- ^ Atakan Z (December 2012). "Cannabis, a complex plant: different compounds and different effects on individuals". Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology. 2 (6): 241–54. doi:10.1177/2045125312457586. PMC 3736954. PMID 23983983.
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- ^ Ranganathan M, D'Souza DC (November 2006). "The acute effects of cannabinoids on memory in humans: a review". Psychopharmacology. 188 (4): 425–44. doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0508-y. PMID 17019571. S2CID 10328820.
- ^ Grotenhermen F (2003). "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 42 (4): 327–60. doi:10.2165/00003088-200342040-00003. PMID 12648025. S2CID 25623600.
- ^ White CM (July 2019). "A Review of Human Studies Assessing Cannabidiol's (CBD) Therapeutic Actions and Potential". Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 59 (7): 923–934. doi:10.1002/jcph.1387. PMID 30730563. S2CID 73452711.
- ^ Haney M, Malcolm RJ, Babalonis S, Nuzzo PA, Cooper ZD, Bedi G, et al. (July 2016). "Oral Cannabidiol does not Alter the Subjective, Reinforcing or Cardiovascular Effects of Smoked Cannabis". Neuropsychopharmacology. 41 (8): 1974–82. doi:10.1038/npp.2015.367. PMC 4908634. PMID 26708108.
- ^ Sabioni, Pamela; Le Foll, Bernard (2018). "Psychosocial and pharmacological interventions for the treatment of cannabis use disorder". F1000Research. 7: 173. doi:10.12688/f1000research.11191.1. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 5811668. PMID 29497498.
- ^ Borgelt LM, Franson KL, Nussbaum AM, Wang GS (February 2013). "The pharmacologic and clinical effects of medical cannabis". Pharmacotherapy (Review). 33 (2): 195–209. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1017.1935. doi:10.1002/phar.1187. PMID 23386598. S2CID 8503107.
- ^ Tomar, Rajpal C.; Beaumont and Hsieh (August 2009). "Evidence on the carcinogenicity of marijuana smoke" (PDF). Reproductive and Cancer Hazard Assessment Branch Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
- ^ Leweke FM, Koethe D (June 2008). "Cannabis and psychiatric disorders: it is not only addiction". Addiction Biology. 13 (2): 264–75. doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2008.00106.x. PMID 18482435. S2CID 205400285.
- ^ Rubino T, Parolaro D (April 2008). "Long lasting consequences of cannabis exposure in adolescence". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology (Submitted manuscript). 286 (1–2 Suppl 1): S108-13. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2008.02.003. PMID 18358595. S2CID 39245784. Archived from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
- ^ Michael Slezak (1 September 2009). "Doubt cast on cannabis, schizophrenia link". Abc.net.au. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
- ^ "Boston Municipal Courtcentral Division. Docket # 0701CR7229" (PDF). 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
- ^ DeLisi LE (March 2008). "The effect of cannabis on the brain: can it cause brain anomalies that lead to increased risk for schizophrenia?". Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 21 (2): 140–50. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e3282f51266. PMC 4337025. PMID 18332661.
- ^ Denson TF, Earleywine M (April 2006). "Decreased depression in marijuana users". Addictive Behaviors. 31 (4): 738–42. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.05.052. PMID 15964704.
- ^ Grohol, John M. (21 May 2013) Psy.D:DSM-5 Changes: Addiction, Substance-Related Disorders & Alcoholism Archived 11 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Pro.psychcentral.com. Retrieved on 19 December 2016.