An ancient agora in Delos, Greece—one of the public spaces after which the condition is named.
Pronunciation
/ˌæɡərəˈfoʊbiəˌəˌɡɔːrə-/
Specialty
Psychiatry, clinical psychology
Symptoms
Anxiety in situations perceived to be unsafe, panic attacks[1][2]
Complications
Depression, substance use disorder[1]
Duration
> 6 months[1]
Causes
Genetic and environmental factors[1]
Risk factors
Family history, stressful event[1]
Differential diagnosis
Separation anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder[1]
Treatment
Cognitive behavioral therapy[3]
Prognosis
Resolution in half with treatment[4]
Frequency
1.9% of adults[1]
Agoraphobia[1] is a mental and behavioral disorder,[5] specifically an anxiety disorder characterized by symptoms of anxiety in situations where the person perceives their environment to be unsafe with no easy way to escape.[1] These situations can include public transit, shopping centers, crowds and queues, or simply being outside their home on their own.[1] Being in these situations may result in a panic attack.[2] Those affected will go to great lengths to avoid these situations.[1] In severe cases, people may become completely unable to leave their homes.[2]
Agoraphobia is believed to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.[1] The condition often runs in families, and stressful or traumatic events such as the death of a parent or being attacked may be a trigger.[1] In the DSM-5, agoraphobia is classified as a phobia along with specific phobias and social phobia.[1][3] Other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include separation anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and major depressive disorder.[1] The diagnosis of agoraphobia has been shown to be comorbid with depression, substance abuse, and suicide ideation.[6][7]
Without treatment, it is uncommon for agoraphobia to resolve.[1] Treatment is typically with a type of counselling called cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).[3][8] CBT results in resolution for about half of people.[4] In some instances, those with a diagnosis of agoraphobia have reported taking benzodiazepines and antipsychotics.[6] Agoraphobia affects about 1.7% of adults.[1] Women are affected about twice as often as men.[1] The condition is rare in children, often begins in adolescence or early adulthood, and becomes less common in old age.[1]
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrsAmerican Psychiatric Association (2013), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.), Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, pp. 217–221, 938, ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8
^ abc"Agoraphobia". PubMed Health. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
^ abcWyatt RJ, Chew RH (2008). Wyatt's Practical Psychiatric Practice: Forms and Protocols for Clinical Use. American Psychiatric Pub. pp. 90–91. ISBN 978-1-58562-687-8. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016.
^Drs; Sartorius N, Henderson A, Strotzka H, Lipowski Z, Yu-cun S, You-xin X, et al. "The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines" (PDF). www.who.int World Health Organization. Microsoft Word. bluebook.doc. pp. 110, 112–3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2004. Retrieved 23 June 2021 – via Microsoft Bing.
^ abShin J, Park DH, Ryu SH, Ha JH, Kim SM, Jeon HJ (24 July 2020). "Clinical implications of agoraphobia in patients with panic disorder". Medicine. 99 (30): e21414. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000021414. ISSN 0025-7974. PMC 7387026. PMID 32791758.
^Teismann T, Lukaschek K, Hiller TS, Breitbart J, Brettschneider C, Schumacher U, et al. (24 September 2018). "Suicidal ideation in primary care patients suffering from panic disorder with or without agoraphobia". BMC Psychiatry. 18 (1): 305. doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1894-5. ISSN 1471-244X. PMC 6154913. PMID 30249220.
^Pompoli A, Furukawa TA, Imai H, Tajika A, Efthimiou O, Salanti G (13 April 2016). "Psychological therapies for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in adults: a network meta-analysis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (4): CD011004. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011004.pub2. PMC 7104662. PMID 27071857.
Agoraphobia is a mental and behavioral disorder, specifically an anxiety disorder characterized by symptoms of anxiety in situations where the person...
cannot escape. Panic attacks are commonly linked to agoraphobia. People with severe agoraphobia may become confined to their homes, experiencing difficulty...
may occur in blood or injury phobia, and panic attacks, often found in agoraphobia and emetophobia. Around 75% of those with phobias have multiple phobias...
and Agoraphobia Scale (PAS) is a rating scale developed for measuring severity of agoraphobia with or without panic attacks. The Panic and Agoraphobia Scale...
specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, panic disorder, and selective mutism. Individual disorders can be diagnosed...
smoking increases the risk of developing panic disorder with or without agoraphobia and panic attacks; smoking started in adolescence or early adulthood...
treatment of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in adults. Alprazolam is effective in the relief of moderate to severe...
Prezi.com. Sciboz, Daniel (20 September 2000). Abnormal Psychology – Agoraphobia. ISBN 9783638961134. Retrieved 6 September 2022. {{cite book}}: |website=...
At 14, he had a bad PCP experience and later had panic disorder and agoraphobia. Cornell took piano and guitar lessons as a child. He credited his mother...
Phobia Agoraphobia Social anxiety Social phobia Anthropophobia Specific social phobia Specific phobia Claustrophobia Other Generalized anxiety disorder...
Phobia Agoraphobia Social anxiety Social phobia Anthropophobia Specific social phobia Specific phobia Claustrophobia Other Generalized anxiety disorder...
younger siblings grew up in Ballina, County Mayo. Noone suffers from agoraphobia, which led to him being housebound three years. Due to this, Noone dropped...
unwarranted, persistent, or disabling fear as a mental disorder (e.g. agoraphobia), in chemistry to describe chemical aversions (e.g. hydrophobic), in...
Phobia Agoraphobia Social anxiety Social phobia Anthropophobia Specific social phobia Specific phobia Claustrophobia Other Generalized anxiety disorder...
saying "I wouldn't say that I ever stepped over the line into full-blown agoraphobia, but I would say I definitely came close." In 2007, Garth appeared on...
Phobia Agoraphobia Social anxiety Social phobia Anthropophobia Specific social phobia Specific phobia Claustrophobia Other Generalized anxiety disorder...
Phobia Agoraphobia Social anxiety Social phobia Anthropophobia Specific social phobia Specific phobia Claustrophobia Other Generalized anxiety disorder...
Phobia Agoraphobia Social anxiety Social phobia Anthropophobia Specific social phobia Specific phobia Claustrophobia Other Generalized anxiety disorder...
Phobia Agoraphobia Social anxiety Social phobia Anthropophobia Specific social phobia Specific phobia Claustrophobia Other Generalized anxiety disorder...
lessened mobility associated with anticipatory anxiety. The Panic and Agoraphobia Scale scores on the basis of five elements, including the frequency and...
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