Reverse transport, or transporter reversal, is a phenomenon in which the substrates of a membrane transport protein are moved in the opposite direction to that of their typical movement by the transporter.[1][2][3][4][5] Transporter reversal typically occurs when a membrane transport protein is phosphorylated by a particular protein kinase, which is an enzyme that adds a phosphate group to proteins.[1][2]
The primary function of most neurotransmitter transporters is to facilitate neurotransmitter reuptake (i.e., the reabsorption of neurotransmitters by the cell which released them).[1][2][6] During neurotransmitter reuptake, neurotransmitter transporters will move specific types of neurotransmitters from the extracellular space into the cytosol of a neuron or glial cell.[1][2][6] When these transporters operate in reverse, they produce neurotransmitter efflux (i.e., the movement of neurotransmitters from the cytosol to the extracellular space via transporter-mediated release, as opposed to exocytotic release).[1][2] In neurons, transporter reversal facilitates the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, resulting in a higher concentration of synaptic neurotransmitters and increased signaling through the corresponding neurotransmitter receptors. For example, many monoamine releasing agents cause monoamine neurotransmitter efflux (i.e., the release of monoamine neurotransmitters from neurons into the synaptic cleft via monoamine transporter-mediated release) by triggering reverse transport at vesicular monoamine transporters (specifically, VMAT1 and VMAT2) and other monoamine transporters that are located along the plasma membrane of neurons (specifically, DAT, NET, and SERT).[1][2][7]
^ abcdefMiller GM (January 2011). "The emerging role of trace amine-associated receptor 1 in the functional regulation of monoamine transporters and dopaminergic activity". Journal of Neurochemistry. 116 (2): 164–176. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07109.x. PMC 3005101. PMID 21073468.
^Scholze P, Nørregaard L, Singer EA, Freissmuth M, Gether U, Sitte HH (2002). "The role of zinc ions in reverse transport mediated by monoamine transporters". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (24): 21505–13. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112265200. PMID 11940571.
^Robertson SD, Matthies HJ, Galli A (2009). "A closer look at amphetamine-induced reverse transport and trafficking of the dopamine and norepinephrine transporters". Molecular Neurobiology. 39 (2): 73–80. doi:10.1007/s12035-009-8053-4. PMC 2729543. PMID 19199083.
^Kasatkina LA, Borisova TA (November 2013). "Glutamate release from platelets: exocytosis versus glutamate transporter reversal". The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology. 45 (11): 2585–2595. doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2013.08.004. PMID 23994539.
^ abMalenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 3: Synaptic Transmission". Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 61–65. ISBN 9780071481274.
^Eiden LE, Weihe E (January 2011). "VMAT2: a dynamic regulator of brain monoaminergic neuronal function interacting with drugs of abuse". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1216 (1): 86–98. Bibcode:2011NYASA1216...86E. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05906.x. PMC 4183197. PMID 21272013. VMAT2 is the CNS vesicular transporter for not only the biogenic amines DA, NE, EPI, 5-HT, and HIS, but likely also for the trace amines TYR, PEA, and thyronamine (THYR) ... [Trace aminergic] neurons in mammalian CNS would be identifiable as neurons expressing VMAT2 for storage, and the biosynthetic enzyme aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). ... AMPH release of DA from synapses requires both an action at VMAT2 to release DA to the cytoplasm and a concerted release of DA from the cytoplasm via "reverse transport" through DAT.
Reversetransport, or transporter reversal, is a phenomenon in which the substrates of a membrane transport protein are moved in the opposite direction...
Reverse cholesterol transport is a multi-step process resulting in the net movement of cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver first via...
facilitated diffusion, active transport, osmosis, or reverse diffusion. The two main types of proteins involved in such transport are broadly categorized as...
however, neurotransmitters can also be released via reversetransport through membrane transport proteins. Exocytosis is also a mechanism by which cells...
released from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft via reversetransport at DAT. Similar to dopamine, amphetamine dose-dependently increases...
than ATP production. Reverse electron flow is the transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain through the reverse redox reactions. Usually...
Reverse electron flow (also known as reverse electron transport) is a mechanism in microbial metabolism. Chemolithotrophs using an electron donor with...
A reverse takeover (RTO), reverse merger, or reverse IPO is the acquisition of a public company by a private company so that the private company can bypass...
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification process that uses a semi-permeable membrane to separate water molecules from other substances. RO applies...
Reverse diffusion refers to a situation where the transport of particles (atoms or molecules) in a medium occurs towards regions of higher concentration...
Phosphorylated DAT then either operates in reverse or withdraws into the presynaptic neuron and ceases transport. When amphetamine enters the synaptic vesicles...
part of supply chain management that deals with the efficient forward and reverse flow of goods, services, and related information from the point of origin...
Thrust reversal, also called reverse thrust, is the temporary diversion of an aircraft engine's thrust for it to act against the forward travel of the...
Reverse pipetting is a technique to dispense a measured quantity of liquid by means of air displacement pipette. The technique is mainly recommended for...
bring it to an end. However, on occasion transporters can work in reverse, transporting neurotransmitters into the synapse, allowing these neurotransmitters...
In civil engineering, a reverse curve (or "S" curve) is a section of the horizontal alignment of a highway or rail route in which a curve to the left...
mechanism by which H+ is transported from the matrix space into the barrier osteoblast is not known. In bone removal, a reversetransport mechanism uses acid...
redistributes dopamine from synaptic vesicles to the cytosol and promotes reversetransport". The Journal of Neuroscience. 15 (5 Pt 2): 4102–8. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI...
networks. Reverse engineering is the process of retrieving a protocol’s details from a software implementation of the specification. Methods of reverse-engineering...
software licensing, textiles, tourism, transport and warehousing. The pioneer of online e-procurement reverse auctions in the United States, FreeMarkets...
however, neurotransmitters can also be released via reversetransport through membrane transport proteins.[citation needed] Autocrine signaling involves...
The Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) is an obsolete computer communication protocol used by a client computer to request its Internet Protocol...
the cytoplasm and a concerted release of DA from the cytoplasm via "reversetransport" through DAT. Sulzer D, Cragg SJ, Rice ME (August 2016). "Striatal...
high resistance to current flowing in the reverse direction suddenly drops to a low resistance when the reverse voltage across the diode reaches a value...
gradient. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport that uses adenosine...
neurotransmitters stores of synaptic vesicles into the cytoplasm by inducing reversetransport at VMAT2. MRAs can also bind to the intracellular receptor TAAR1 as...
A reverse proxy is usually an internal-facing proxy used as a front-end to control and protect access to a server on a private network. A reverse proxy...
Freissmuth M, Gether U, Sitte HH (June 2002). "The role of zinc ions in reversetransport mediated by monoamine transporters". The Journal of Biological Chemistry...