Global InformationAmphetamine information
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| Pronunciation | /æmˈfɛtəmiːn/ ⓘ |
| Trade names | Evekeo, Adderall,[note 1] others |
| Other names | α-methylphenethylamine |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a616004 |
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| Dependence liability | Physical: Low Psychological: Moderate[1] |
| Addiction liability | High (varying with dosage and route of administration)[2] |
| Routes of administration | Medical: oral, intravenous[3] Recreational: oral, insufflation, rectal, intravenous, intramuscular |
| Drug class | CNS stimulant, anorectic |
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| Physiological data | |
| Receptors | TAAR1, VMAT2, 5HT1A |
| Metabolism | CYP2D6,[4] DBH,[5][6] FMO3[5][7][8] |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | Oral: ~90%[11] |
| Protein binding | 20%[12] |
| Metabolism | CYP2D6,[4] DBH,[5][6] FMO3[5][7][8] |
| Metabolites | 4-hydroxyamphetamine, 4-hydroxynorephedrine, 4-hydroxyphenylacetone, benzoic acid, hippuric acid, norephedrine, phenylacetone[4][13] |
| Onset of action | IR dosing: 30–60 minutes[14] XR dosing: 1.5–2 hours[15][16] |
| Elimination half-life | D-amph: 9–11 hours[4][17] L-amph: 11–14 hours[4][17] pH-dependent: 7–34 hours[18] |
| Duration of action | IR dosing: 3–6 hours[1][15][19] XR dosing: 8–12 hours[1][15][19] |
| Excretion | Primarily renal; pH-dependent range: 1–75%[4] |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.005.543 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C9H13N |
| Molar mass | 135.210 g·mol−1 |
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| Chirality | Racemic mixture[20] |
| Density | .936 g/cm3 at 25 °C[21] |
| Melting point | 146 °C (295 °F) [22] |
| Boiling point | 203 °C (397 °F) at 760 mmHg[23] |
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Amphetamine[note 2] (contracted from alpha-methylphenethylamine) is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity. Amphetamine was discovered as a chemical in 1887 by Lazăr Edeleanu, and then as a drug in the late 1920s.[26] It exists as two enantiomers:[note 3] levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Amphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical, the racemic free base, which is equal parts of the two enantiomers in their pure amine forms. The term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers, or to either of them alone. Historically, it has been used to treat nasal congestion and depression. Amphetamine is also used as an athletic performance enhancer and cognitive enhancer, and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant. It is a prescription drug in many countries, and unauthorized possession and distribution of amphetamine are often tightly controlled due to the significant health risks associated with recreational use.[sources 1]
The first amphetamine pharmaceutical was Benzedrine, a brand which was used to treat a variety of conditions. Currently, pharmaceutical amphetamine is prescribed as racemic amphetamine, Adderall,[note 4] dextroamphetamine, or the inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine. Amphetamine increases monoamine and excitatory neurotransmission in the brain, with its most pronounced effects targeting the norepinephrine and dopamine neurotransmitter systems.[sources 2]
At therapeutic doses, amphetamine causes emotional and cognitive effects such as euphoria, change in desire for sex, increased wakefulness, and improved cognitive control. It induces physical effects such as improved reaction time, fatigue resistance, and increased muscle strength. Larger doses of amphetamine may impair cognitive function and induce rapid muscle breakdown. Addiction is a serious risk with heavy recreational amphetamine use, but is unlikely to occur from long-term medical use at therapeutic doses. Very high doses can result in psychosis (e.g., delusions and paranoia) which rarely occurs at therapeutic doses even during long-term use. Recreational doses are generally much larger than prescribed therapeutic doses and carry a far greater risk of serious side effects.[sources 3]
Amphetamine belongs to the phenethylamine class. It is also the parent compound of its own structural class, the substituted amphetamines,[note 5] which includes prominent substances such as bupropion, cathinone, MDMA, and methamphetamine. As a member of the phenethylamine class, amphetamine is also chemically related to the naturally occurring trace amine neuromodulators, specifically phenethylamine and N-methylphenethylamine, both of which are produced within the human body. Phenethylamine is the parent compound of amphetamine, while N-methylphenethylamine is a positional isomer of amphetamine that differs only in the placement of the methyl group.[sources 4]
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- ^ Anvisa (31 March 2023). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 4 April 2023). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
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Onset of action: 30–60 min
- ^ a b c Millichap JG (2010). "Chapter 9: Medications for ADHD". In Millichap JG (ed.). Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook: A Physician's Guide to ADHD (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 112. ISBN 9781441913968.
Table 9.2 Dextroamphetamine formulations of stimulant medication
Dexedrine [Peak:2–3 h] [Duration:5–6 h] ...
Adderall [Peak:2–3 h] [Duration:5–7 h]
Dexedrine spansules [Peak:7–8 h] [Duration:12 h] ...
Adderall XR [Peak:7–8 h] [Duration:12 h]
Vyvanse [Peak:3–4 h] [Duration:12 h] - ^ Brams M, Mao AR, Doyle RL (September 2008). "Onset of efficacy of long-acting psychostimulants in pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Postgraduate Medicine. 120 (3): 69–88. doi:10.3810/pgm.2008.09.1909. PMID 18824827. S2CID 31791162.
- ^ a b c d "Adderall- dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate, dextroamphetamine sulfate, and amphetamine sulfate tablet". DailyMed. Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. 8 November 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
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- ^ a b c d e Yoshida T (1997). "Chapter 1: Use and Misuse of Amphetamines: An International Overview". In Klee H (ed.). Amphetamine Misuse: International Perspectives on Current Trends. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Harwood Academic Publishers. p. 2. ISBN 9789057020810.
Amphetamine, in the singular form, properly applies to the racemate of 2-amino-1-phenylpropane. ... In its broadest context, however, the term [amphetamines] can even embrace a large number of structurally and pharmacologically related substances.
- ^ "Density". Amphetamine. United States National Library of Medicine – National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database. 5 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
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- ^ "Enantiomer". IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. IUPAC Goldbook. 2009. doi:10.1351/goldbook.E02069. ISBN 9780967855097. Archived from the original on 17 March 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
One of a pair of molecular entities which are mirror images of each other and non-superposable.
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- ^ "Guidelines on the Use of International Nonproprietary Names (INNS) for Pharmaceutical Substances". World Health Organization. 1997. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
In principle, INNs are selected only for the active part of the molecule which is usually the base, acid or alcohol. In some cases, however, the active molecules need to be expanded for various reasons, such as formulation purposes, bioavailability or absorption rate. In 1975 the experts designated for the selection of INN decided to adopt a new policy for naming such molecules. In future, names for different salts or esters of the same active substance should differ only with regard to the inactive moiety of the molecule. ... The latter are called modified INNs (INNMs).
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