Protein metabolism denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the synthesis of proteins and amino acids (anabolism), and the breakdown of proteins by catabolism.
The steps of protein synthesis include transcription, translation, and post translational modifications. During transcription, RNA polymerase transcribes a coding region of the DNA in a cell producing a sequence of RNA, specifically messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA sequence contains codons: 3 nucleotide long segments that code for a specific amino acid. Ribosomes translate the codons to their respective amino acids.[1] In humans, non-essential amino acids are synthesized from intermediates in major metabolic pathways such as the Citric Acid Cycle.[2] Essential amino acids must be consumed and are made in other organisms. The amino acids are joined by peptide bonds making a polypeptide chain. This polypeptide chain then goes through post translational modifications and is sometimes joined with other polypeptide chains to form a fully functional protein.
Dietary proteins are first broken down to individual amino acids by various enzymes and hydrochloric acid present in the gastrointestinal tract. These amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream to be transported to the liver and onward to the rest of the body. Absorbed amino acids are typically used to create functional proteins, but may also be used to create energy.[3] They can also be converted into glucose.[4] This glucose can then be converted to triglycerides and stored in fat cells.[5]
Proteins can be broken down by enzymes known as peptidases or can break down as a result of denaturation. Proteins can denature in environmental conditions the protein is not made for.[6]
^"Transcription, Translation and Replication". www.atdbio.com. Retrieved 2019-02-12.
^Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L (2002). Biochemistry (5th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0716730514. OCLC 48055706.
^"Protein Metabolism". Encyclopedia.com. 7 October 2020.
^Nuttall FQ, Gannon MC. | Dietary protein and the blood glucose concentration. | Diabetes. 2013 May;62(5):1371-2. | doi: 10.2337/db12-1829. PMID: 23613553; PMCID: PMC3636610.
^Mechanism of Storage and Synthesis of Fatty Acids and Triglycerides in White Adipocytes | DOI: 10.1007/978-2-8178-0343-2_8
^Voet D, Pratt CW, Voet JG (2013) [2012]. Fundamentals of biochemistry : life at the molecular level (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 712–765. ISBN 9780470547847. OCLC 782934336.
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Proteinmetabolism denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the synthesis of proteins and amino acids (anabolism), and the breakdown of...
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even death. Protein toxicity occurs when protein metabolic wastes build up in the body. During proteinmetabolism, nitrogenous wastes such as urea, uric...
proteins are enzymes that catalyze the chemical reactions in metabolism. Other proteins have structural or mechanical functions, such as those that form...
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around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose. Aerobic metabolism is up to 15 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism (which yields 2 molecules of ATP per 1 molecule...
process of breakdown and replacement. The respiratory quotient for proteinmetabolism can be demonstrated by the chemical equation for oxidation of albumin:...
its metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on human skeletal muscle proteinmetabolism". The Journal of Physiology. 591 (11): 2911–23. doi:10.1113/jphysiol...
urine. It can be defined as an excess in the blood of amino acid and proteinmetabolism end products, such as urea and creatinine, which would be normally...
chemical compounds are oxidized by a series of respiratory integral membrane proteins with sequentially increasing reduction potentials, with the final electron...
For example, leucine plays an important role in the regulation of proteinmetabolism and suppresses an individual's appetite. Small amounts of essential...
Valerie (2014-01-01), Makowski, Gregory S. (ed.), "Chapter Three - Ammonia Metabolism and Hyperammonemic Disorders", Advances in Clinical Chemistry, 67, Elsevier:...
Fatty acid metabolism consists of various metabolic processes involving or closely related to fatty acids, a family of molecules classified within the...
FNZIFCT DSc Hons is a New Zealand scientist specialising in mammalian proteinmetabolism and its application to human nutrition and health. Moughan completed...
'flesh') is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate from muscle and proteinmetabolism. It is released at a constant rate by the body (depending on muscle...
push through the pain. Going too fast, too soon encourages proteinmetabolism over fat metabolism, and the muscle pain in this circumstance is a result of...
Nucleic acid metabolism is a collective term that refers to the variety of chemical reactions by which nucleic acids (DNA and/or RNA) are either synthesized...
KL (1970). "33 – Sites of Hormonal Regulation of ProteinMetabolism". Mammalian ProteinMetabolism. Academic Press, New York. p. 229. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-510604-7...
microbes for the large-scale production of chemicals, biofuels, enzymes, proteins and pharmaceuticals. Below are some definitions of fermentation ranging...
mitochondria, in the cytosol. In Fungi, a similar protein exists but lacks the dihydroorotase function: another protein catalyzes the second step. In other organisms...
cycle is a metabolic pathway that connects carbohydrate, fat, and proteinmetabolism. The reactions of the cycle are carried out by eight enzymes that...
drug undergoes metabolism in the liver and other tissues. As the drug dissociates from the protein, more and more drug undergoes metabolism. Changes in the...
(2012). "Sites of Hormonal Regulation of ProteinMetabolism". In Munro HN (ed.). Mammalian ProteinMetabolism, Volume 4. Elsevier. pp. 229–98. ISBN 978-0-323-14257-1...
the molecular building blocks of protein. Nitrogen balance may therefore be used as an index of proteinmetabolism. When more nitrogen is gained than...
methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (PDB 4REQ) and methionine synthase (PDB 1Q8J). The metabolism of propionyl-CoA occurs in the mitochondria and requires Vitamin B 12...
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