Rate of energy expenditure by an endotherm at rest
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest.[1] It is reported in energy units per unit time ranging from watt (joule/second) to ml O2/min or joule per hour per kg body mass J/(h·kg). Proper measurement requires a strict set of criteria to be met. These criteria include being in a physically and psychologically undisturbed state and being in a thermally neutral environment while in the post-absorptive state (i.e., not actively digesting food).[1] In bradymetabolic animals, such as fish and reptiles, the equivalent term standard metabolic rate (SMR) applies. It follows the same criteria as BMR, but requires the documentation of the temperature at which the metabolic rate was measured. This makes BMR a variant of standard metabolic rate measurement that excludes the temperature data, a practice that has led to problems in defining "standard" rates of metabolism for many mammals.[1]
Metabolism comprises the processes that the body needs to function.[2] Basal metabolic rate is the amount of energy per unit of time that a person needs to keep the body functioning at rest. Some of those processes are breathing, blood circulation, controlling body temperature, cell growth, brain and nerve function, and contraction of muscles. Basal metabolic rate affects the rate that a person burns calories and ultimately whether that individual maintains, gains, or loses weight. The basal metabolic rate accounts for about 60 to 75% of the daily calorie expenditure by individuals. It is influenced by several factors. In humans, BMR typically declines by 1–2% per decade after age 20, mostly due to loss of fat-free mass,[3] although the variability between individuals is high.[4]
^ abcMcNab BK (1997). "On the Utility of Uniformity in the Definition of Basal Rate of Metabolism". Physiological Zoology. 70 (6): 718–720. doi:10.1086/515881. PMID 9361146. S2CID 34996894.. In other words it is the energy required by body organs to perform normally[1].
^Ballesteros FJ, Martinez VJ, Luque B, Lacasa L, Valor E, Moya A (2018). "On the thermodynamic origin of metabolic scaling". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 1448:1–1448:10. arXiv:1407.3659. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.1448B. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19853-6. PMC 5780499. PMID 29362491.
^Manini TM (2010). "Energy expenditure and aging". Ageing Research Reviews. 9 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2009.08.002. PMC 2818133. PMID 19698803.
^McMurray RG, Soares J, Caspersen CJ, McCurdy T (2014). "Examining variations of resting metabolic rate of adults: a public health perspective". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 46 (7): 1352–1358. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000232. PMC 4535334. PMID 24300125.
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