Organic compounds that influence the properties of biological fluids
Osmolytes are low-molecular-weight organic compounds that influence the properties of biological fluids. Osmolytes are a class of organic molecules that play a significant role in regulating osmotic pressure and maintaining cellular homeostasis in various organisms, particularly in response to environmental stressors.[1] Their primary role is to maintain the integrity of cells by affecting the viscosity, melting point, and ionic strength of the aqueous solution. When a cell swells due to external osmotic pressure, membrane channels open and allow efflux of osmolytes carrying water, restoring normal cell volume.
These molecules are involved in counteracting the effects of osmotic stress, which occurs when there are fluctuations in the concentration of solutes (such as ions and sugars) inside and outside cells. Osmolytes help cells adapt to changing osmotic conditions, thereby ensuring their survival and functionality.[2] Osmolytes also interact with the constituents of the cell, e.g., they influence protein folding.[3][4] Common osmolytes include amino acids, sugars and polyols, methylamines, methylsulfonium compounds, and urea.
^Paul H. Yancey (2005). "Organic osmolytes as compatible, metabolic and counteracting cytoprotectants in high osmolarity and other stresses". Journal of Experimental Biology. 208 (15): 2819–2830. doi:10.1242/jeb.01730. PMID 16043587.
^Review of Medical Physiology, William F. Ganong, McGraw-Hill Medical, ISBN 978-0-07-144040-0.
^Bolen DW, Baskakov IV (2001). "The osmophobic effect: natural selection of a thermodynamic force in protein folding". Journal of Molecular Biology. 310 (5): 955–963. doi:10.1006/jmbi.2001.4819. PMID 11502004.
^Su, Zhaoqian (2017). Roles of cosolvents on protein stability. OCLC 1245504372.
Osmolytes are low-molecular-weight organic compounds that influence the properties of biological fluids. Osmolytes are a class of organic molecules that...
bonds in protein folding has also been linked to osmolyte-induced protein stabilization. Protective osmolytes, such as trehalose and sorbitol, shift the protein...
Plasma osmolality measures the body's electrolyte–water balance. There are several methods for arriving at this quantity through measurement or calculation...
antibiotics, and occurs in the tissues of many crustaceans and molluscs as an osmolyte. Alanine was first synthesized in 1850 when Adolph Strecker combined acetaldehyde...
1.3) Trimethylglycine is an organic osmolyte. Sugar beet was cultivated from sea beet, which requires osmolytes in order to survive in the salty soils...
other osmolytes and urea. Due to the ability of TMAO being able to protect proteins from high hydrostatic pressure destabilizing proteins, the osmolyte adjustment...
compatible solute which serves as a protective substance by acting as an osmolyte and thus helps organisms survive extreme osmotic stress. Ectoine is found...
include the osmolyte taurine, which has demonstrated the ability to protects against UVB-radiation induced immunosuppression and the osmolyte ectoine, which...
physiological processes that increase intracellular turgor by producing osmolytes such as glycerol. Adaptations such as these are complemented by hydrolytic...
permeable ion channels are "stretch-gated" and allow for the influx of osmolytes and calcium, a well-known second messenger, into the cell. This ion influx...
gill-like structure. Marine teleosts also use their gills to excrete osmolytes (e.g. Na⁺, Cl−). The gills' large surface area tends to create a problem...
regulate sodium and potassium levels on either side of the cell membrane. Osmolyte Myo-Inositol Taurine and Taurine-transporting ATPase Creatine Betaines...
carnitine. butyrobetaine, homarine, and trigonelline. Glycine betaine, an osmolyte, stabilizes osmotic pressure in cells. Choline is a precursor for the neurotransmitter...
pool, shift between enzymes with various nutrient requirements and alter osmolyte composition. Different cellular components have their own unique stoichiometry...
important role in a multitude of ways, which include: a cation substitute, an osmolyte, or a transport protein. It also serves as an important regulator in a...
endogenous neurotransmitter via action on the glycine receptors. It is an osmolyte with antioxidant properties. Hypotaurine is derived from cysteine (and...
ascospores enabled by the structure of the ascus and accumulation of osmolytes in the fluids of the ascus that lead to explosive discharge of the ascospores...
temperatures such as lower metabolism, intra-cellular protein-stabilising osmolytes, and unsaturated fatty acids in cell membrane phospholipids, there is...
of C. quinoa, some studies have concluded that accumulation of organic osmolytes plays a dual role for the species. They provide osmotic adjustment, in...
shellfish, kelp, and seaweed. Sea life contains TMAO, which is used as an osmolyte to counter hydrostatic pressure underwater. Reducing the consumption of...
0308633101. PMC 404062. PMID 15096583. Yancey, Paul H. (2005). "Organic osmolytes as compatible, metabolic and counteracting cytoprotectants in high osmolarity...
More recent studies on rats noted that brain concentrations of organic osmolytes were not increased relative to baseline after rapid dialysis. Cerebral...
Additionally, ammonia is converted to glutamine in CNS cells which acts as an osmolyte and draws further water into the cell through osmosis. Cerebral edema occurs...
species of terrestrial and aquatic vascular plants. It functions as an osmolyte as well as several other physiological and environmental roles have also...
available in the water. Marine teleosts also use their gills to excrete osmolytes (e.g. Na⁺, Cl−). The gills' large surface area tends to create a problem...
deficiency causes accumulation of NAA in the interstitial space, inducing an osmolyte imbalance and accumulation of water in the interstitial space. This increases...
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