Shock caused by a sudden change in the solute concentration around a cell
Osmotic shock or osmotic stress is physiologic dysfunction caused by a sudden change in the solute concentration around a cell, which causes a rapid change in the movement of water across its cell membrane. Under hypertonic conditions - conditions of high concentrations of either salts, substrates or any solute in the supernatant - water is drawn out of the cells through osmosis. This also inhibits the transport of substrates and cofactors into the cell thus “shocking” the cell. Alternatively, under hypotonic conditions - when concentrations of solutes are low - water enters the cell in large amounts, causing it to swell and either burst or undergo apoptosis.[1]
All organisms have mechanisms to respond to osmotic shock, with sensors and signal transduction networks providing information to the cell about the osmolarity of its surroundings;[2] these signals activate responses to deal with extreme conditions.[3] Cells that have a cell wall tend to be more resistant to osmotic shock because their cell wall enables them to maintain their shape.[4] Although single-celled organisms are more vulnerable to osmotic shock, since they are directly exposed to their environment, cells in large animals such as mammals still suffer these stresses under some conditions.[5] Current research also suggests that osmotic stress in cells and tissues may significantly contribute to many human diseases.[6]
In eukaryotes, calcium acts as one of the primary regulators of osmotic stress. Intracellular calcium levels rise during hypo-osmotic and hyper-osmotic stresses.
^Lang KS, Lang PA, Bauer C, Duranton C, Wieder T, Huber SM, Lang F (2005). "Mechanisms of suicidal erythrocyte death". Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry. 15 (5): 195–202. doi:10.1159/000086406. PMID 15956782.
^Kültz D, Burg M (November 1998). "Evolution of osmotic stress signaling via MAP kinase cascades". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 201 (Pt 22): 3015–21. doi:10.1242/jeb.201.22.3015. PMID 9787121.
^Kültz D (November 2007). "Osmotic stress sensing and signaling in animals". The FEBS Journal. 274 (22): 5781. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.06097.x. PMID 17944944.
^"Unique Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells".
^Ho SN (January 2006). "Intracellular water homeostasis and the mammalian cellular osmotic stress response". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 206 (1): 9–15. doi:10.1002/jcp.20445. PMID 15965902. S2CID 21178769.
^Brocker C, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V (August 2012). "The role of hyperosmotic stress in inflammation and disease". Biomolecular Concepts. 3 (4): 345–364. doi:10.1515/bmc-2012-0001. PMC 3438915. PMID 22977648.
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(September 1965). "The release of enzymes from Escherichia coli by osmoticshock and during the formation of spheroplasts". The Journal of Biological...