Diagram of both the TC-NER and GG-NER pathways. The two pathways differ only in initial DNA damage recognition.[1]
Nucleotide excision repair is a DNA repair mechanism.[2] DNA damage occurs constantly because of chemicals (e.g. intercalating agents), radiation and other mutagens. Three excision repair pathways exist to repair single stranded DNA damage: Nucleotide excision repair (NER), base excision repair (BER), and DNA mismatch repair (MMR). While the BER pathway can recognize specific non-bulky lesions in DNA, it can correct only damaged bases that are removed by specific glycosylases. Similarly, the MMR pathway only targets mismatched Watson-Crick base pairs.
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a particularly important excision mechanism that removes DNA damage induced by ultraviolet light (UV). UV DNA damage results in bulky DNA adducts — these adducts are mostly thymine dimers and 6,4-photoproducts. Recognition of the damage leads to removal of a short single-stranded DNA segment that contains the lesion. The undamaged single-stranded DNA remains and DNA polymerase uses it as a template to synthesize a short complementary sequence. Final ligation to complete NER and form a double stranded DNA is carried out by DNA ligase. NER can be divided into two subpathways: global genomic NER (GG-NER or GGR) and transcription coupled NER (TC-NER or TCR). The two subpathways differ in how they recognize DNA damage but they share the same process for lesion incision, repair, and ligation.
The importance of NER is evidenced by the severe human diseases that result from in-born genetic mutations of NER proteins. Xeroderma pigmentosum and Cockayne's syndrome are two examples of NER associated diseases.
^Fuss JO, Cooper PK (June 2006). "DNA repair: dynamic defenders against cancer and aging". PLOS Biology. 4 (6): e203. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040203. PMC 1475692. PMID 16752948.
^Carroll SB; Wessler SR; Griffiths AJFl; Lewontin RC (2008). Introduction to genetic analysis. New York: W.H. Freeman and Co. p. 534. ISBN 978-0-7167-6887-6.
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non-helix-distorting base lesions from the genome. The related nucleotideexcisionrepair pathway repairs bulky helix-distorting lesions. BER is important for removing...
ERCC2, or XPD is a protein involved in transcription-coupled nucleotideexcisionrepair. The XPD (ERCC2) gene encodes for a 2.3-kb mRNA containing 22 exons...
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DNA nucleotideexcisionrepair (NER). The ERCC1-XPF nuclease also functions in pathways to repair double-strand breaks in DNA, and in the repair of “crosslink”...
by the DNA nucleotideexcisionrepair (NER) pathway. Lymphocytes from GWI veterans exhibited a significantly elevated level of NER repair. It was suggested...
are partners during DNA repair. The ERCC1-XPF nuclease is an essential activity in the pathway of DNA nucleotideexcisionrepair (NER). The ERCC1-XPF nuclease...
exposure to UV light is repaired by nucleotideexcisionrepair. In people with xeroderma pigmentosum, this damage is not repaired. As more abnormalities...
roles in transcription of various protein-coding genes and DNA nucleotideexcisionrepair (NER) pathways. TFIIH first came to light in 1989 when general...
base excisionrepair. These AP sites are removed by AP endonucleases, which effect single strand breaks around the site. Nucleotideexcisionrepair, not...
typically rectified promptly through DNA repair, such as through photolyase reactivation or nucleotideexcisionrepair, with the latter being prevalent in...
leading strand DNA synthesis and nucleotide and base excisionrepair. Research had conducted to study nucleotideexcisionrepair DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase...
in normal basal transcription, transcription coupled repair (TCR), and nucleotideexcisionrepair (NER). Purified XPB has been shown to unwind DNA with...
bacteria involved in DNA repair by nucleotideexcisionrepair, and it is, therefore, sometimes called an excinuclease. This UvrABC repair process, sometimes...
for their mechanistic studies of DNA repair. He has made contributions on photolyase and nucleotideexcisionrepair in bacteria that have changed his field...
DNA repair protein complementing XP-A cells is a protein that in humans is encoded by the XPA gene. Nucleotideexcisionrepair (NER) is a major pathway...
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type). Nucleotideexcisionrepair is a DNA repair mechanism. There are three excisionrepair pathways: nucleotideexcisionrepair (NER), base excision repair...
RPA is required in replication, recombination and repair processes such as nucleotideexcisionrepair and homologous recombination. It also plays roles...
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