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A low dose of a chemical agent may trigger from an organism the opposite response to a very high dose.
Hormesis is a two-phased dose-response relationship to an environmental agent whereby low-dose amounts have a beneficial effect and high-dose amounts are either inhibitory to function or toxic.[1][2] Within the hormetic zone, the biological response to low-dose amounts of some stressors is generally favorable. An example is the breathing of oxygen, which is required in low amounts (in air) via respiration in living animals, but can be toxic in high amounts, even in a managed clinical setting.[3]
In toxicology, hormesis is a dose-response phenomenon to xenobiotics or other stressors.
In physiology and nutrition, hormesis has regions extending from low-dose deficiencies to homeostasis, and potential toxicity at high levels.[1] Physiological concentrations of an agent above or below homeostasis may adversely affect an organism, where the hormetic zone is a region of homeostasis of balanced nutrition.[4] In pharmacology, the hormetic zone is similar to the therapeutic window.
In the context of toxicology, the hormesis model of dose response is vigorously debated.[5] The biochemical mechanisms by which hormesis works (particularly in applied cases pertaining to behavior and toxins) remain under early laboratory research and are not well understood.[1]
^ abcMattson, M. P (2007). "Hormesis defined". Ageing Research Reviews. 7 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2007.08.007. PMC 2248601. PMID 18162444.
^Calabrese EJ (2014). "Hormesis: a fundamental concept in biology". Microbial Cell. 1 (5): 145–9. doi:10.15698/mic2014.05.145. PMC 5354598. PMID 28357236.
^Hochberg CH, Semler MW, Brower RG (September 2021). "Oxygen toxicity in critically ill adults". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 204 (6): 632–641. doi:10.1164/rccm.202102-0417CI. PMC 8521700. PMID 34086536.
^Hayes, D. P. (2007). "Nutritional hormesis". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 61 (2): 147–159. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602507. ISSN 1476-5640. PMID 16885926.
^Cite error: The named reference Kaiser was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
setting. In toxicology, hormesis is a dose-response phenomenon to xenobiotics or other stressors. In physiology and nutrition, hormesis has regions extending...
challenge. Hormesis remains largely unknown to the public. Government and regulatory bodies disagree on the existence of radiation hormesis and research...
acute toxicity for a given substance. A table notes the LD50 of water. Hormesis Dose concentration Therapeutic index - parallel idea in contemporary pharmacology...
excessively broad and pseudoscientific application of the principle of radiation hormesis. It consisted of triple-distilled water containing at a minimum 1 microcurie...
Hormesis, and discovering hormetins (a new category of natural and synthetic compounds which bring about their beneficial effects through hormesis) for...
(heterotrophs) which consumes it. Or in simpler terms, xenohormesis is interspecies hormesis. The expected benefits include improve lifespan and fitness, by activating...
(2009). "Nuclear energy and health: and the benefits of low-dose radiation hormesis". Dose-Response. 7 (1): 52–89. doi:10.2203/dose-response.08-024.Cuttler...
molecules of the original substance are likely to remain. Dilution (equation) Hormesis K. R. Aneja. Experiments in Microbiology, Plant Pathology and Biotechnology...
resistant to failure in high ionizing radiation environments Radiation hormesis – ionizing radiation dosage threshold damage theory Radiation poisoning...
neurons to regulate their own excitability relative to network activity Hormesis – Characteristic of biological processes Le Chatelier's principle – Principle...
2006.009510. S2CID 26583588. Luckey, T.J. (27 September 2006). "Radiation Hormesis: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly". Dose-Response. 4 (3): 189–190. doi:10...
analysis can also be applied to biological domains, such as the detection of hormesis in repeated behaviors with opponent process dynamics, or in the optimization...
particularly the arsenic that killed his father Mithridates V. This form of hormesis is effective against some but not all toxins and subsequently became known...
humans. In mammalian physiology, carbon monoxide is a classical example of hormesis where low concentrations serve as an endogenous neurotransmitter (gasotransmitter)...
autoimmune diseases such as arthritis in a process known as radiation hormesis. As a result, in the late 20th century and early 21st century, "health...
mass, dolphins can swim at high speeds and obtain large accelerations. Hormesis: Exposure to small doses of toxins can have beneficial effects. Lek paradox:...
forms of life, and the toxicity is a classical dose-dependent example of hormesis. Small amounts of carbon monoxide are naturally produced through many enzymatic...
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