Neuroprotection refers to the relative preservation of neuronal structure and/or function.[1] In the case of an ongoing insult (a neurodegenerative insult) the relative preservation of neuronal integrity implies a reduction in the rate of neuronal loss over time, which can be expressed as a differential equation.[1]
It is a widely explored treatment option for many central nervous system disorders including neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and acute management of neurotoxin consumption (i.e. methamphetamine overdoses). Neuroprotection aims to prevent or slow disease progression and secondary injuries by halting or at least slowing the loss of neurons.[2]
Despite differences in symptoms or injuries associated with CNS disorders, many of the mechanisms behind neurodegeneration are the same. Common mechanisms of neuronal injury include decreased delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain, energy failure, increased levels in oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, inflammatory changes, iron accumulation, and protein aggregation.[3][2][4][5] Of these mechanisms, neuroprotective treatments often target oxidative stress and excitotoxicity—both of which are highly associated with CNS disorders. Not only can oxidative stress and excitotoxicity trigger neuron cell death but when combined they have synergistic effects that cause even more degradation than on their own.[6] Thus limiting excitotoxicity and oxidative stress is a very important aspect of neuroprotection. Common neuroprotective treatments are glutamate antagonists and antioxidants, which aim to limit excitotoxicity and oxidative stress respectively.
^ abCasson RJ, Chidlow G, Ebneter A, Wood JP, Crowston J, Goldberg I (2012). "Translational neuroprotection research in glaucoma: a review of definitions and principles". Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 40 (4): 350–357. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9071.2011.02563.x. PMID 22697056.
^ abSeidl SE, Potashkin JA (2011). "The promise of neuroprotective agents in Parkinson's disease". Frontiers in Neurology. 2: 68. doi:10.3389/fneur.2011.00068. PMC 3221408. PMID 22125548.
^Kaur H, Prakash A, Medhi B (2013). "Drug therapy in stroke: from preclinical to clinical studies". Pharmacology. 92 (5–6): 324–334. doi:10.1159/000356320. PMID 24356194.
^Dunnett SB, Björklund A (June 1999). "Prospects for new restorative and neuroprotective treatments in Parkinson's disease". Nature. 399 (6738 Suppl): A32–A39. doi:10.1038/399a032. PMID 10392578. S2CID 17462928.
^Andersen JK (July 2004). "Oxidative stress in neurodegeneration: cause or consequence?". Nature Medicine. 10 Suppl (7): S18–S25. doi:10.1038/nrn1434. PMID 15298006. S2CID 9569296.
^Zádori D, Klivényi P, Szalárdy L, Fülöp F, Toldi J, Vécsei L (November 2012). "Mitochondrial disturbances, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation and kynurenines: novel therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders". Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 322 (1–2): 187–191. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2012.06.004. PMID 22749004. S2CID 25867213.
Neuroprotection refers to the relative preservation of neuronal structure and/or function. In the case of an ongoing insult (a neurodegenerative insult)...
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neuropharmacology. The diverse pharmacological effects of muscimol, from neuroprotection and pain relief to cognitive modulation and anticonvulsant properties...
Bresolin N, Comi GP, Corti S (June 2011). "Beta-lactam antibiotic offers neuroprotection in a spinal muscular atrophy model by multiple mechanisms" (PDF). Experimental...
main problem with the utilization of NMDA receptor antagonists for neuroprotection is that the physiological actions of the NMDA receptor are essential...
PMC 1723166. PMID 10413706. Levin LA, Peeples P (February 2008). "History of neuroprotection and rationale as a therapy for glaucoma". The American Journal of Managed...
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and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Role of α4 and α7 Receptors in Neuroprotection". Journal of Molecular Neuroscience. 40 (1–2): 211–216. doi:10.1007/s12031-009-9236-1...
formation of stable synaptic contacts. While CSPGs are very important in neuroprotection, this indicates that CSPGs may not be the only molecules important...
synthesis and dual actions of progesterone in the nervous system: neuroprotection and myelination". Growth Hormone & IGF Research. 14 (Suppl A): S18–S33...
find treatments that interfere with the damage processes. Although neuroprotection methods to decrease secondary injury have been the subject of interest...
2022 study suggests that terazosin may have the potential to confer neuroprotection upon motor neurons in motor neuron disease, as a result of its ability...
Rouse. "Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus." The Cochrane Library (2009). Rumbold, Alice R., Caroline...
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PMID 18160539. Kalda A, Yu L, Oztas E, Chen JF (October 2006). "Novel neuroprotection by caffeine and adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists in animal models...
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