Global InformationNitrous oxide information
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| Names | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC names
Nitrous oxide[1] (not recommended)
Dinitrogen oxide[2] (alternative name) | |
| Systematic IUPAC name
Oxodiazen-2-ium-1-ide | |
Other names
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| Identifiers | |
CAS Number
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3D model (JSmol)
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Beilstein Reference
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8137358 |
| ChEBI |
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| ChEMBL |
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| ChemSpider |
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| DrugBank |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.030.017 |
| E number | E942 (glazing agents, ...) |
Gmelin Reference
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2153410 |
| KEGG |
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PubChem CID
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| RTECS number |
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| UNII |
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| UN number | 1070 (compressed) 2201 (liquid) |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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InChI
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SMILES
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| Properties | |
Chemical formula
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N 2O |
| Molar mass | 44.013 g/mol |
| Appearance | colourless gas |
| Density | 1.977 g/L (gas) |
| Melting point | −90.86 °C (−131.55 °F; 182.29 K) |
| Boiling point | −88.48 °C (−127.26 °F; 184.67 K) |
Solubility in water
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1.5 g/L (15 °C) |
| Solubility | soluble in alcohol, ether, sulfuric acid |
| log P | 0.35 |
| Vapor pressure | 5150 kPa (20 °C) |
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)
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−18.9·10−6 cm3/mol |
Refractive index (nD)
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1.000516 (0 °C, 101.325 kPa) |
| Viscosity | 14.90 μPa·s[3] |
| Structure | |
Molecular shape
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linear, C∞v |
Dipole moment
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0.166 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298) |
219.96 J/(K·mol) |
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298) |
+82.05 kJ/mol |
| Pharmacology | |
ATC code
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N01AX13 (WHO) |
Routes of
administration |
Inhalation |
| Pharmacokinetics: | |
Metabolism
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0.004% |
Biological half-life
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5 minutes |
Excretion
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Respiratory |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling: | |
Pictograms
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Signal word
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Danger |
Hazard statements
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H270, H280, H281 |
Precautionary statements
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P220, P244, P282, P317, P336, P370+P376, P403, P410+P403 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 
2
0
0 OX |
| Flash point | Nonflammable |
| Safety data sheet (SDS) | Ilo.org, ICSC 0067 |
| Related compounds | |
Related nitrogen oxides
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Nitric oxide Dinitrogen trioxide Nitrogen dioxide Dinitrogen tetroxide Dinitrogen pentoxide |
Related compounds
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Ammonium nitrate Azide |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references
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Nitrous oxide (dinitrogen oxide or dinitrogen monoxide), commonly known as laughing gas, nitrous, nitro, or nos,[4] is a chemical compound, an oxide of nitrogen with the formula N
2O. At room temperature, it is a colourless non-flammable gas, and has a slightly sweet scent and taste.[5] At elevated temperatures, nitrous oxide is a powerful oxidiser similar to molecular oxygen.
Nitrous oxide has significant medical uses, especially in surgery and dentistry, for its anaesthetic and pain-reducing effects.[6] Its colloquial name, "laughing gas", coined by Humphry Davy, is due to the euphoric effects upon inhaling it, a property that has led to its recreational use as a dissociative anaesthetic.[6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[7] It is also used as an oxidiser in rocket propellants, and in motor racing to increase the power output of engines.
Nitrous oxide's atmospheric concentration reached 333 parts per billion (ppb) in 2020, increasing at a rate of about 1 ppb annually.[8][9] It is a major scavenger of stratospheric ozone, with an impact comparable to that of CFCs.[10] About 40% of human-caused emissions are from agriculture.[11][12] Nitrogen is added to the soil via animal urine and dung, and synthetic fertilisers: micro-organisms then release it in nitrous oxide.[13] Being the third most important greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide substantially contributes to global warming.[14][15] Reduction of emissions is a popular topic in the politics of climate change.[16]
Nitrous oxide is used as a propellant, and has a variety of applications from rocketry to making whipped cream. It is used as a recreational drug for its potential to induce a brief "high". Most recreational users are unaware of its neurotoxic effects when abused. When used chronically, nitrous oxide has the potential to cause neurological damage through inactivation of vitamin B12.
- ^ "[Nitrous oxide]". Degruyter.com. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ^ IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005. PDF, p. 317.
- ^ Takahashi M, Shibasaki-Kitakawa N, Yokoyama C, Takahashi S (1996). "Viscosity of Gaseous Nitrous Oxide from 298.15 K to 398.15 K at Pressures up to 25 MPa". Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 41 (6): 1495–1498. doi:10.1021/je960060d. ISSN 0021-9568.
- ^ Tarendash AS (2001). Let's review: chemistry, the physical setting (3rd ed.). Barron's Educational Series. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-7641-1664-3.
- ^ PubChem. "Nitrous oxide". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
- ^ a b Quax ML, Van Der Steenhoven TJ, Bronkhorst MW, Emmink BL (July 2020). "Frostbite injury: An unknown risk when using nitrous oxide as a party drug". Acta Chirurgica Belgica. 120 (1–4). Taylor & Francis on behalf of the Royal Belgian Society for Surgery: 140–143. doi:10.1080/00015458.2020.1782160. ISSN 0001-5458. PMID 32543291. S2CID 219702849.
- ^ Organization WH (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
agagewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
noaaesrlwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
sciozowas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Tian H, Xu R, Canadell JG, Thompson RL, Winiwarter W, Suntharalingam P, et al. (October 2020). "A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks". Nature. 586 (7828): 248–256. Bibcode:2020Natur.586..248T. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2780-0. hdl:1871.1/c74d4b68-ecf4-4c6d-890d-a1d0aaef01c9. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 33028999. S2CID 222217027. Archived from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Thompson, R. L., Lassaletta, L., Patra, P. K. (2019). "Acceleration of global N2O emissions seen from two decades of atmospheric inversion". Nat. Clim. Change. 9 (12): 993–998. Bibcode:2019NatCC...9..993T. doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0613-7. hdl:11250/2646484. S2CID 208302708.
- ^ "Reduce nitrous oxide emissions". Ag Matters. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
- ^ "Chapter 8". AR5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. pp. 677–678.
- ^ "Nitrous oxide emissions pose an increasing climate threat, study finds". phys.org. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
- ^ Mundschenk S (3 August 2022). "The Netherlands is showing how not to tackle climate change | The Spectator". www.spectator.co.uk. Retrieved 28 August 2022.