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A myokine is one of several hundred cytokines or other small proteins (~5–20 kDa) and proteoglycan peptides that are produced and released by skeletal muscle cells (muscle fibers) in response to muscular contractions.[1] They have autocrine, paracrine and/or endocrine effects;[2] their systemic effects occur at picomolar concentrations.[3][4]
Receptors for myokines are found on muscle, fat, liver, pancreas, bone, heart, immune, and brain cells.[2] The location of these receptors reflects the fact that myokines have multiple functions. Foremost, they are involved in exercise-associated metabolic changes, as well as in the metabolic changes following training adaptation.[1] They also participate in tissue regeneration and repair, maintenance of healthy bodily functioning, immunomodulation; and cell signaling, expression and differentiation.[1]
^ abcPedersen BK, Akerström TC, Nielsen AR, Fischer CP (September 2007). "Role of myokines in exercise and metabolism". Journal of Applied Physiology. 103 (3): 1093–8. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00080.2007. PMID 17347387.
^ abDelezie, Julien; Handschin, Christoph (2018). "Endocrine Crosstalk Between Skeletal Muscle and the Brain". Frontiers in Neurology. 9: 698. doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00698. ISSN 1664-2295. PMC 6117390. PMID 30197620.
^Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA (April 2012). "Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ". Nature Reviews. Endocrinology. 8 (8): 457–65. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2012.49. PMID 22473333. S2CID 205480628.
^Pedersen BK (July 2013). "Muscle as a secretory organ". Vol. 3. pp. 1337–62. doi:10.1002/cphy.c120033. ISBN 978-0-470-65071-4. PMID 23897689. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
A myokine is one of several hundred cytokines or other small proteins (~5–20 kDa) and proteoglycan peptides that are produced and released by skeletal...
that acts as both a pro-inflammatory cytokine and an anti-inflammatory myokine. In humans, it is encoded by the IL6 gene. In addition, osteoblasts secrete...
Jedrychowski MP, Korde A, Ye L, Lo JC, et al. (January 2012). "A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis"...
response to sepsis is inhibited by the exercise-induced production of myokines. To study whether acute exercise induces a true anti-inflammatory response...
maintains NAD+ in the hypothalamus (the control center) in conjunction with myokines from skeletal muscle cells. In 2018, Napa Therapeutics was formed to develop...
endocrine organ by secreting myokines – a wide range of cytokines and other peptides that act as signalling molecules. Myokines in turn are believed to mediate...
shown that both aerobic and anaerobic exercise promote the secretion of myokines, with attendant benefits including growth of new tissue, tissue repair...
organ. That is, contracting muscles release multiple substances known as myokines, which promote the growth of new tissue, tissue repair, and various anti-inflammatory...
mechanism initiated by muscular contraction, irisin has been classified as a myokine. Based on the findings that FNDC5 induces thermogenin expression in fat...
Peng; Lu, Ping; Sartini, Loris; Di Comite, Mariasevera (2015-09-29). "The myokine irisin increases cortical bone mass". Proceedings of the National Academy...
is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSTN gene. Myostatin is a myokine that is produced and released by myocytes and acts on muscle cells to inhibit...
cardiac and vascular dysfunction with increased age. IL-10 is linked to the myokines, as exercise provokes an increase in circulating levels of IL-1ra, IL-10...
due to its now well-established role in the secretion of myokines. The use of the term myokine to describe cytokines and other peptides produced by muscle...
organ. That is, contracting muscles release multiple substances known as myokines which promote the growth of new tissue, tissue repair, and multiple anti-inflammatory...
to be associated with excessive body weight. Adipose tissue Hepatokines Myokines Mancuso P (May 2016). "The role of adipokines in chronic inflammation"...
Philippines, enacted in 1997 C1q/TNF related protein (CTRP) family, see Myokine. This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title CTRP...
during/after exercise – have also shown promising results. Exerkines include myokines. Extracellular vesicles were shown to be secreted concomitantly with exerkines...
as running, swimming, and cycling increases BDNF biosynthesis through myokine signaling, resulting in up to a threefold increase in blood plasma and...
also produced by skeletal muscle in response to different exercise doses (myokine), playing significant roles in visceral (intra-abdominal or interstitial)...
00170. PMC 4064707. PMID 24999318. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that myokines released by exercising muscles affect the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic...
through the production of certain myokines. Muscle cells respond to contractions by releasing molecules called myokines, one of which is critical to regulating...
platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Decorin has recently been established as a myokine. In this role, it promotes muscle hypertrophy by binding with myostatin...
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