The size of the muscle is reduced, as a consequence there is a loss of strength and mobility.
Specialty
Physical medicine and rehabilitation
Muscle atrophy is the loss of skeletal muscle mass. It can be caused by immobility, aging, malnutrition, medications, or a wide range of injuries or diseases that impact the musculoskeletal or nervous system. Muscle atrophy leads to muscle weakness and causes disability.
Disuse causes rapid muscle atrophy and often occurs during injury or illness that requires immobilization of a limb or bed rest. Depending on the duration of disuse and the health of the individual, this may be fully reversed with activity. Malnutrition first causes fat loss but may progress to muscle atrophy in prolonged starvation and can be reversed with nutritional therapy. In contrast, cachexia is a wasting syndrome caused by an underlying disease such as cancer that causes dramatic muscle atrophy and cannot be completely reversed with nutritional therapy. Sarcopenia is age-related muscle atrophy and can be slowed by exercise. Finally, diseases of the muscles such as muscular dystrophy or myopathies can cause atrophy, as well as damage to the nervous system such as in spinal cord injury or stroke. Thus, muscle atrophy is usually a finding (sign or symptom) in a disease rather than being a disease by itself. However, some syndromes of muscular atrophy are classified as disease spectrums or disease entities rather than as clinical syndromes alone, such as the various spinal muscular atrophies.
Muscle atrophy results from an imbalance between protein synthesis and protein degradation, although the mechanisms are incompletely understood and are variable depending on the cause. Muscle loss can be quantified with advanced imaging studies but this is not frequently pursued. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but will often include exercise and adequate nutrition. Anabolic agents may have some efficacy but are not often used due to side effects. There are multiple treatments and supplements under investigation but there are currently limited treatment options in clinical practice. Given the implications of muscle atrophy and limited treatment options, minimizing immobility is critical in injury or illness.
Muscleatrophy is the loss of skeletal muscle mass. It can be caused by immobility, aging, malnutrition, medications, or a wide range of injuries or diseases...
The muscles soon wither away from atrophy. The adrenal glands atrophy during prolonged use of exogenous glucocorticoids like prednisone. Atrophy of the...
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), popularly known as Kennedy's disease, is a rare, adult-onset, X-linked recessive lower motor neuron disease...
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare neuromuscular disorder that results in the loss of motor neurons and progressive muscle wasting. It is usually...
lipodystrophy. The muscle hypertrophy may persist throughout the course of the disease, or may later atrophy, or become pseudohypertrophic (muscleatrophy with infiltration...
rotator cuff tear. Atrophy of the teres minor muscle is often a consequence of a rotator cuff tear, but common isolated teres minor atrophies have also been...
abnormalities affecting the deltoid are tears, fatty atrophy, and enthesopathy. Deltoid muscle tears are unusual and frequently related to traumatic...
over a long period (chronic) may result in the muscle becoming an abnormal size, such as muscleatrophy (abnormally small) or a pseudoathletic appearance...
labii inferioris muscle. In a similar fashion to other muscles, the platysma muscle is vulnerable to tears, strains and muscleatrophy, among many other...
result of muscle inflammation (immunity-related swelling), muscle hyperplasia, muscle hypertrophy, muscle pseudohypertrophy (muscleatrophy with infiltration...
cause skeletal muscleatrophy. TRIM63/MuRF1 has been shown to interact with Titin, GMEB1 and SUMO2. During settings of skeletal muscleatrophy, the levels...
cell bodies. In these disorders, a patient experiences progressive muscleatrophy and sensory neuropathy of the extremities. The term "hereditary motor...
injected in the muscle is usually limited to 2–5 milliliters, depending on injection site. A site with signs of infection or muscleatrophy should not be...
Deficiency of BNIP3 leads to muscle inflammation and atrophy. Furthermore, not every muscle is as susceptible to the atrophic effects of aging. For example...
findings include muscleatrophy and fasciculations, and upper motor neuron (UMN) findings include hyperreflexia, spasticity, muscle spasm, and abnormal...
muscular atrophy. Physiologically, minimal amounts of cardiac myostatin are secreted from the myocardium into serum, having a limited effect on muscle growth...
degeneration, the symptoms of PMA include:[citation needed] muscle weakness muscleatrophy fasciculations Some patients have symptoms restricted only to...
in the anterior horn of the spinal cord) and subsequent atrophy (wasting) of various muscle groups in the body. While some SMAs lead to early infant...
physiologic atrophy. Skeletal muscleatrophy is a common pathologic adaptation to skeletal muscle disuse (commonly called "disuse atrophy"). Tissue and...
skin texture, color, and temperature; changes in nail and hair growth, muscleatrophy, and radiographic osteoporosis. It’s not possible to discuss causes...
hypotonia. Additionally, lower muscle tone can be caused by Mikhail-Mikhail syndrome, which is characterized by muscular atrophy and cerebellar ataxia which...
junctions, or skeletal muscles, all of which are components of the motor unit. Damage to any of these structures can cause muscleatrophy and weakness. Issues...
Muscle contractures can occur for many reasons, such as paralysis, muscular atrophy, and forms of muscular dystrophy. Fundamentally, the muscle and its...
iliotibial tract. Sitting for long periods can lead to the gluteal musclesatrophying through constant pressure and disuse. This may be associated with...
(also called quadriplegia) or paraplegia. Complications can include muscleatrophy, loss of voluntary motor control, spasticity, pressure sores, infections...
Testicular atrophy is a medical condition in which one or both testicles (or "testes") diminish in size and may be accompanied by reduced testicular function...
paralysis, absent deep tendon reflexes and muscleatrophy. Lower motor neurons are classified based on the type of muscle fiber they innervate: Alpha motor neurons...
while damage to the lower motor neuron typically causes weakness, muscleatrophy, and fasciculations. Classical, or classic ALS, involves degeneration...
Microgravity has a negative effect on human physiology that causes both muscleatrophy and bone loss. The use of the short version space, as meaning 'the region...
Joseph G.; Freeman, Michael (May 2014). "Long-term lumbar multifidus muscleatrophy changes documented with magnetic resonance imaging: a case series"....
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