Mongol invasions of the Levant Mamluk–Ilkhanid War
1260 Mongol offensives in the Levant
Date
1260–1323
Location
Levant and Anatolia
Result
Mongol invasions halted by the Mamluks
Treaty of Aleppo
Conversion of Ilkhanate to Islam[1][2]
Territorial changes
Mongols temporarily conquer parts of Levant Mongols fail to conquer the Mamluk Sultanate
Belligerents
Ilkhanate of the Mongol Empire
Cilician Armenia
Kingdom of Georgia
Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Antioch-Tripoli
Yuan Empire
Golden Horde of the Mongol Empire (1259–1264)
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Knights Templar
Knights Hospitaller
Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate Ayyubid remnants Nizari Ismailis of Syria Golden Horde of the Mongol Empire (after 1264) Karamanid rebels Abbasids
Commanders and leaders
Kitbuqa †
Baidar
Samgar
Abagha
Möngke-Temur
Ghazan
Kutluqshah
Oljeitu
Hethum of Armenia
Leo II of Armenia
Demetrius II of Georgia
Bohemond VI of Antioch
Jacques de Molay
Qutuz X
Baibars
Salar
Baibars II
Al-Nasir Muhammad
Qalawun
Mehmet of Karaman
An-Nasir Yusuf
Al-Kamil Muhammad
Abu'l-Qasim Ahmad al-Mustansir †
Mujaheduddin Aybak Dwadar †
Al-Musta'sim
Sulaiman Shah
Strength
Unknown
Unknown
Casualties and losses
Unknown (heavier than the Mamluks)
Unknown (heavy)
v
t
e
Mongol invasions and conquests
Asia
Burma
First
Second
Central Asia
Qara Khitai
Khwarezm
China
Western Xia
Jin
Eastern Xia
Song
Western Asia
Georgia
Anatolia
Persia
Nizari state
Levant
Palestine
Other invasions
India
Japan
Java
Korea
Sakhalin
Siberia
Tibet
Vietnam
Europe
Kievan Rus
Volga Bulgaria
Cumania
Durdzuketi
Circassia
Alania
Poland (First, Second, Third)
Hungary (First, Second)
Holy Roman Empire
Bulgaria and Serbia
Latin Empire
Lithuania
Byzantine Thrace
Serbia
v
t
e
Mamluk–Ilkhanid War
Ain Jalut
1st Homs
Ninth Crusade
Elbistan
2nd Homs
Wadi al-Khazandar
Marj al-Saffar
Al-Rahba
Starting in the 1240s, the Mongols made repeated invasions of Syria or attempts thereof. Most failed, but they did have some success in 1260 and 1300, capturing Aleppo and Damascus and destroying the Ayyubid dynasty. The Mongols were forced to retreat within months each time by other forces in the area, primarily the Egyptian Mamluks. The post-1260 conflict has been described as the Mamluk–Ilkhanid War.
^Meri, Josef (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 9780415966900.
^Dashdondog, Bayarsaikhan; Atwood, Christopher P.; May, Timothy (2020). New Approaches to Ilkhanid History. Brill. ISBN 9789004438217.
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