Eastern Europe, Northern Europe, Central Europe, the Caucasus, and the Balkans
Result
Mongol victory
Numerous European political entities destroyed, subjugated, or raided and forced to pay tribute.
Devastation of the populations, cultures, and political structures in most of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Europe. Eventual Mongol withdrawal from Central Europe (1242).
Territorial changes
Volga Bulgaria, Cumania, Alania, and the Kievan Rus' principalities conquered and become vassals of the Mongol Empire. The Kingdom of Georgia subjugated. Parts of the Kingdom of Hungary temporarily controlled by Mongol Empire. Eastern and Central Europe and the North Caucasus repeatedly subject to raids and invasions.
Belligerents
Kievan Rus'
Vladimir-Suzdal
Principality of Kiev
Galicia-Volhynia
Novgorod Republic
Smolensk
Rostov
Turov and Pinsk
Chernigov
Ryazan
Pereyaslavl
Cumans (1223)
Kingdom of Poland
Kingdom of Bohemia
Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Croatia
Margravate of Meissen
Second Bulgarian Empire
Kingdom of Serbia
Cumania
Supported by:
Duchy of Austria
Margraviate of Moravia
Knights Templar
Holy Roman empire
Byzantine Empire
Mongol Empire
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e
Mongol invasions and conquests
Asia
Burma
First
Second
Central Asia
Qara Khitai
Khwarezm
China
Western Xia
Jin
Eastern Xia
Song
Western Asia
Georgia
Anatolia
Persia
Nizari state
Levant
Palestine
Other invasions
India
Japan
Java
Korea
Sakhalin
Siberia
Tibet
Vietnam
Europe
Kievan Rus
Volga Bulgaria
Cumania
Durdzuketi
Circassia
Alania
Poland (First, Second, Third)
Hungary (First, Second)
Holy Roman Empire
Bulgaria and Serbia
Latin Empire
Lithuania
Byzantine Thrace
Serbia
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t
e
Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' (list)
Kalka River (1223)
Voronezh River (1237)
Ryazan (1237)
Kolomna (1238)
Moscow (1238)
Vladimir (1238)
Sit River (1238)
Kozelsk (1238)
Chernigov (1239)
Batu's raid in Ruthenia (1240)
Kiev (1240)
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Mongol invasions of Poland
1st invasion (1240–41)
Sandomierz
Tursko
Chmielnik
Tarczek
Kraków
Racibórz
Opole
Legnica
Meissen
2nd invasion (1259–60)
Sandomierz
Kraków
3rd invasion (1287–88)
Łagów
Dunajec
Stary Sacz
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Mongol invasion of Hungary
1st invasion (1241–42)
Brassó
Nagyszeben
Mohi
Pest
Esztergom
Zagreb
2nd invasion (1285–86)
From the 1220s into the 1240s, the Mongols conquered the Turkic states of Volga Bulgaria, Cumania and Iranian state of Alania, and various principalities in Eastern Europe. Following this, they began their invasion into Central Europe by launching a two-pronged invasion of then-fragmented Poland, culminating in the Battle of Legnica (9 April 1241), and the Kingdom of Hungary, culminating in the Battle of Mohi (11 April 1241).[1][failed verification] Invasions were also launched into the Caucasus against the Kingdom of Georgia, the Chechens, the Ingush, and Circassia though they failed to fully subjugate the latter. More invasions were launched in Southeast Europe against Bulgaria, Croatia, and the Latin Empire. The operations were planned by General Subutai (1175–1248) and commanded by Batu Khan (c. 1207–1255) and Kadan (d. c. 1261), two grandsons of Genghis Khan. Their conquests integrated much of Eastern European territory into the empire of the Golden Horde. Warring European princes realized they had to cooperate in the face of a Mongol invasion, so local wars and conflicts were suspended in parts of central Europe, only to be resumed after the Mongols had withdrawn.[2] After the initial invasions, subsequent raids and punitive expeditions continued into the late 13th century.
^Thomas T. Allsen (March 25, 2004). Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521602709.
^
Francis Dvornik (1962). The Slavs in European History and Civilization. Rutgers UP. p. 26. ISBN 9780813507996.
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