1260 battle between the Mamluk Sultanate and the Mongol Empire
Battle of Ain Jalut
Part of the Mongol invasions of the Levant
Map showing movements of both forces, meeting eventually at Ain Jalut
Date
3 September 1260 (26 Ramadan 658 H)
Location
Near Ma'ayan Harod (Hebrew) or Ayn Jalut (Arabic), Jezreel Valley, Israel[1]
Result
Mamluk victory
Territorial changes
The Mongols withdraw from the Levant and cede occupied territories to the Mamluk Sultanate
Belligerents
Mamluk Sultanate Ayyubid emirs of Kerak and Hamah
Ilkhanate
Cilician Armenia
Kingdom of Georgia
Commanders and leaders
Qutuz
Baybars
Al-Mansur of Hamah
Kitbuqa †
Units involved
Light cavalry and horse archers, heavy cavalry, infantry
Mongol lancers and horse archers
Strength
15,000–20,000[2][3][4]
10,000–20,000[5][6][7][8]
Casualties and losses
Unknown
High[9]
v
t
e
Mongol invasions and conquests
Asia
Burma
First
Second
Central Asia
Qara Khitai
Khwarezm
China
Western Xia
Jin
Eastern Xia
Song
Western Asia
Georgia
Anatolia
Persia
Nizari state
Levant
Palestine
Other invasions
India
Japan
Java
Korea
Sakhalin
Siberia
Tibet
Vietnam
Europe
Kievan Rus
Volga Bulgaria
Cumania
Durdzuketi
Circassia
Alania
Poland (First, Second, Third)
Hungary (First, Second)
Holy Roman Empire
Bulgaria and Serbia
Latin Empire
Lithuania
Byzantine Thrace
Serbia
Gazaria
v
t
e
Mamluk–Ilkhanid War
Ain Jalut
1st Homs
Ninth Crusade
Elbistan
2nd Homs
Wadi al-Khazandar
Marj al-Saffar
Al-Rahba
v
t
e
Wars of Cilician Armenia
Armenian–Crusader Campaigns
Azaz (1125)
Acre (1189–1191)
War of the Antiochene Succession (1201–1219)
Armenian–Byzantine Wars
Mamistra (1152)
Tarsus (1165)
Armenian–Mongol Campaigns
Baghdad (1258)
Mayyafariqin (1259–1260)
Aleppo (1260)
Ain Jalut (1260)
Homs (1281)
Wadi al-Khaznadar (1299)
Marj al-Saffar (1303)
Armenian–Mamluk Wars
Mari (1266)
Sarvandik'ar (1276)
Rumkale (1292)
Malatya (1315)
Sis (1375)
The Battle of Ain Jalut (Arabic: معركة عين جالوت, romanized: Ma'rakat ‘Ayn Jālūt), also spelled Ayn Jalut, was fought between the Bahri Mamluks of Egypt and the Mongol Empire on 3 September 1260 (25 Ramadan 658 AH) near the spring of Ain Jalut in southeastern Galilee in the Jezreel Valley.
Continuing the westward expansion of the Mongol Empire, the armies of Hulagu Khan captured and sacked Baghdad in 1258, along with the Ayyubid capital of Damascus sometime later.[10] Hulagu sent envoys to Cairo demanding Qutuz surrender Egypt, to which Qutuz responded by killing the envoys and displaying their heads on the Bab Zuweila gate of Cairo.[10] Shortly after this, Möngke Khan was slain in battle against the Southern Song. Hulagu returned to Mongolia with the bulk of his army to attend the kurultai in accordance with Mongol customs, leaving approximately 10,000 troops west of the Euphrates under the command of Kitbuqa.
Learning of these developments, Qutuz quickly advanced his army from Cairo towards Palestine.[11] Kitbuqa sacked Sidon, before turning his army south towards the Spring of Harod to meet Qutuz' forces. Using hit-and-run tactics and a feigned retreat by Mamluk general Baibars, combined with a final flanking maneuver by Qutuz, the Mongol army was forced to retreat toward Bisan, after which the Mamluks led a final counterattack, which resulted in the deaths of many Mongols, including Kitbuqa himself.
The battle has been cited as the first time the Mongols were permanently prevented from expanding their influence;[12] It also marked the first of two defeats the Mongols would face in their attempts to invade Egypt and the Levant, the other being the Battle of Marj al-Saffar in 1303.
^"Battle of Ayn Jalut | Summary | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 27 August 2023.
^Cite error: The named reference crusade was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^D. Nicolle, The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hülägü, Tamerlane. Plates by R. Hook, Firebird books: Pole 1990, p. 116.
^Waterson, p. 75
^Fisher, William Bayne; Boyle, J. A.; Boyle, John Andrew; Frye, Richard Nelson (1968). — Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968. — Vol. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. — P. 351. — 778 p. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521069366. Retrieved October 17, 2020.
^Cowley, p.44, states that both sides were evenly matched at 20,000 men. Cline says that "In short, the . . . armies that were to meet at 'Ayn Jalut were probably of approximately the same size, with between ten thousand and twenty thousand men in each.", p. 145. Fage & Oliver, however, state that "the Mongol force at Ayn Jalut was nothing but a detachment, which was vastly outnumbered by the Mamluk army", p. 43.
^Smith Jr, J. M. (1984). Ayn Jālūt: Mamlūk Success or Mongol Failure?. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, p.310.
^John Masson Smith, Jr. (1984) Mongol Armies And Indian Campaigns, University of California, Berkeley.
^Amitai-Preiss, p. 43
^ abCite error: The named reference man was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Tschanz was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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