Evolutionary theory holding that eukaryotic organelles evolved through symbiosis with prokaryotes
In the theory of symbiogenesis, a merger of an archaean and an aerobic bacterium created the eukaryotes, with aerobic mitochondria; a second merger added chloroplasts, creating the green plants. The original theory by Lynn Margulis proposed an additional preliminary merger, but this is poorly supported and not now generally believed.[1]
Symbiogenesis (endosymbiotic theory, or serial endosymbiotic theory[2]) is the leading evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms.[3] The theory holds that mitochondria, plastids such as chloroplasts, and possibly other organelles of eukaryotic cells are descended from formerly free-living prokaryotes (more closely related to the Bacteria than to the Archaea) taken one inside the other in endosymbiosis. Mitochondria appear to be phylogenetically related to Rickettsiales bacteria, while chloroplasts are thought to be related to cyanobacteria.
The idea that chloroplasts were originally independent organisms that merged into a symbiotic relationship with other one-celled organisms dates back to the 19th century, when it was espoused by researchers such as Andreas Schimper. The endosymbiotic theory was articulated in 1905 and 1910 by the Russian botanist Konstantin Mereschkowski, and advanced and substantiated with microbiological evidence by Lynn Margulis in 1967.
Among the many lines of evidence supporting symbiogenesis are that mitochondria and plastids contain their own chromosomes and reproduce by splitting in two, parallel but separate from the sexual reproduction of the rest of the cell; that the chromosomes of some mitochondria and plastids are single circular DNA molecules similar to the circular chromosomes of bacteria; that the transport proteins called porins are found in the outer membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, and also bacterial cell membranes; and that cardiolipin is found only in the inner mitochondrial membrane and bacterial cell membranes.
^Latorre, A.; Durban, A.; Moya, A.; Pereto, J. (2011). "The role of symbiosis in eukaryotic evolution". In Gargaud, M.; López-Garcìa, P.; Martin, H. (eds.). Origins and Evolution of Life: An astrobiological perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 326–339. ISBN 978-0-521-76131-4. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
^"Serial endosymbiotic theory (SET)". flax.nzdl.org. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
^Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
New Principle of Biology. Essay on the Theory of Symbiogenesis, he wrote, "The theory of symbiogenesis is a theory of selection relying on the phenomenon...
multicellular organisms. The process is widely agreed to have involved symbiogenesis, in which archaea and bacteria came together to create the first eukaryotic...
organisms. Symbiogenesis (endosymbiosis) is a special form of symbiosis whereby an organism lives inside another, different organism. Symbiogenesis is thought...
symbiogenesis between an anaerobic Asgard archaean and an aerobic proteobacterium, which formed the mitochondria. A second episode of symbiogenesis with...
around Kazan, whose research on lichens led him to propose the theory of symbiogenesis – that larger, more complex cells (of eukaryotes) evolved from the symbiotic...
ἔνδον endon "within", σύν syn "together" and βίωσις biosis "living". Symbiogenesis theory holds that eukaryotes evolved via absorbing prokaryotes. Typically...
(plants, animals, fungi, and protists) is that it developed from a symbiogenesis between bacteria and archaea. It is hypothesized that the symbiosis...
atmosphere during the Paleoproterozoic; the evolution of eukaryotes via symbiogenesis; several global glaciations, which produced the 300 million years-long...
archaea, which was followed by their endosymbioses with bacteria (or symbiogenesis) that gave rise to mitochondria and chloroplasts, both of which are...
personally oversaw the first English translation of Kozo-Polyansky's Symbiogenesis: A New Principle of Evolution, which appeared the year before her death...
when resources are limited. This process may have been involved in the symbiogenesis which formed the eukaryotes from an intracellular relationship between...
include the inheritance of cultural traits, group heritability, and symbiogenesis. These examples of heritability that operate above the gene are covered...
Auger P, Poggiale JC, Kooi BW (August 2003). "Quantitative steps in symbiogenesis and the evolution of homeostasis". Biological Reviews of the Cambridge...
Cavalier-Smith (1999). "Principles of protein and lipid targeting in secondary symbiogenesis: euglenoid, dinoflagellate, and sporozoan plastid origins and the eukaryote...
Thinking: Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Chthulucene Three: Sympoiesis: Symbiogenesis and the Lively Arts of Staying with the Trouble Four: Making Kin: Anthropocene...
Earth's surface. The subsequent adaptation of surviving archaea via symbiogenesis with aerobic proteobacteria (which went endosymbiont and became mitochondria)...
chains resembles mitochondrial Complex III. The commonly-held theory of symbiogenesis proposes that both organelles descended from bacteria. Charge-transfer...
direct control of genes include the inheritance of cultural traits and symbiogenesis. From a neo-Darwinian perspective, evolution occurs when there are changes...
double-membranous primary plastids. Such symbiogenic events (primary symbiogenesis) are believed to have occurred more than 1.5 billion years ago during...
through secondary symbiogenesis in a single event. In contrast, plants acquired their plastids from cyanobacteria through primary symbiogenesis. These plastids...
branching event. The concept of anastomosis also applies to the theory of symbiogenesis, in which new species emerge from the formation of novel symbiotic relationships...
1977 expanding on the nature of the Force. Lucas based the concept on symbiogenesis, calling midi-chlorians a "loose depiction" of mitochondria. He further...
testing of evolution theories. Part II. Preliminary tests of performance, symbiogenesis and terrestrial life". Acta Biotheoretica. 16 (3–4): 99–126. doi:10...
enabled more energetic metabolism of organic molecules, leading to symbiogenesis and the evolution of eukaryotes, and allowing the diversification of...
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