A mitosome (also called a crypton in early literature)[1] is a mitochondrion-related organelle (MRO)[2] found in a variety of parasitic unicellular eukaryotes, such as members of the supergroup Excavata. The mitosome was first discovered in 1999 in Entamoeba histolytica, an intestinal parasite of humans,[3][4] and mitosomes have also been identified in several species of Microsporidia[5][6] and in Giardia intestinalis.[7]
The mitosome has been detected only in anaerobic or microaerophilic eukaryotes which do not have fully developed mitochondria, and hence do not have the capability of gaining energy from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.[2] The functions of mitosomes, while varied, have not yet been well characterized,[2] but they may be associated with sulfate metabolism and biosynthesis of phospholipids and Fe–S clusters.[2][6][8][9] Mitosomes, like other MROs, likely evolved from mitochondria,[3][10] based on similarities in structure, function, and biochemical signaling pathways,[3][4][5][6][10] and may have convergently evolved across eukaryote lineages.[2][9]
^Mai Z, Ghosh S, Frisardi M, Rosenthal B, Rogers R, Samuelson J (March 1999). "Hsp60 is targeted to a cryptic mitochondrion-derived organelle ("crypton") in the microaerophilic protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 19 (3): 2198–2205. doi:10.1128/MCB.19.3.2198. PMC 84012. PMID 10022906.
^ abcdeOnuț-Brännström I, Stairs CW, Campos KI, Thorén MH, Ettema TJ, Keeling PJ, et al. (March 2023). Eme L (ed.). "A Mitosome With Distinct Metabolism in the Uncultured Protist Parasite Paramikrocytos canceri (Rhizaria, Ascetosporea)". Genome Biology and Evolution. 15 (3). doi:10.1093/gbe/evad022. PMC 9998036. PMID 36790104.
^ abcTovar J, Fischer A, Clark CG (June 1999). "The mitosome, a novel organelle related to mitochondria in the amitochondrial parasite Entamoeba histolytica". Molecular Microbiology. 32 (5): 1013–1021. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01414.x. PMID 10361303.
^ abBakatselou C, Beste D, Kadri AO, Somanath S, Clark CG (2003). "Analysis of genes of mitochondrial origin in the genus Entamoeba". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 50 (3): 210–214. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00119.x. PMID 12836878. S2CID 85169619.
^ abWilliams BA, Hirt RP, Lucocq JM, Embley TM (August 2002). "A mitochondrial remnant in the microsporidian Trachipleistophora hominis". Nature. 418 (6900): 865–869. Bibcode:2002Natur.418..865W. doi:10.1038/nature00949. PMID 12192407. S2CID 4358253.
^ abcGoldberg AV, Molik S, Tsaousis AD, Neumann K, Kuhnke G, Delbac F, et al. (April 2008). "Localization and functionality of microsporidian iron-sulphur cluster assembly proteins". Nature. 452 (7187): 624–628. Bibcode:2008Natur.452..624G. doi:10.1038/nature06606. PMID 18311129. S2CID 4431368.
^Tovar J, León-Avila G, Sánchez LB, Sutak R, Tachezy J, van der Giezen M, et al. (November 2003). "Mitochondrial remnant organelles of Giardia function in iron-sulphur protein maturation". Nature. 426 (6963): 172–176. Bibcode:2003Natur.426..172T. doi:10.1038/nature01945. PMID 14614504. S2CID 4402808.
^Mi-ichi F, Abu Yousuf M, Nakada-Tsukui K, Nozaki T (December 2009). "Mitosomes in Entamoeba histolytica contain a sulfate activation pathway". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (51): 21731–21736. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10621731M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907106106. PMC 2799805. PMID 19995967.
^ abSantos HJ, Makiuchi T, Nozaki T (December 2018). "Reinventing an Organelle: The Reduced Mitochondrion in Parasitic Protists". Trends in Parasitology. 34 (12): 1038–1055. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2018.08.008. PMID 30201278. S2CID 52183593.
^ abDolezal P, Makki A, Dyall SD (2019). "Protein Import into Hydrogenosomes and Mitosomes". In Tachezy J (ed.). Hydrogenosomes and Mitosomes: Mitochondria of Anaerobic Eukaryotes. Microbiology Monographs. Vol. 9. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 31–84. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17941-0_3. ISBN 978-3-030-17941-0.
A mitosome (also called a crypton in early literature) is a mitochondrion-related organelle (MRO) found in a variety of parasitic unicellular eukaryotes...
all contain mitochondrion-derived organelles, like hydrogenosomes or mitosomes, having lost their mitochondria secondarily. They obtain energy by enzymatic...
mitochondrial organelle in greatly modified form (e.g. a hydrogenosome or mitosome). Among those with mitochondria, the mitochondrial cristae may be tubular...
organism lacks Golgi or mitochondria but has mitosomes, which probably evolved from mitochondria. The mitosomes lack mitochondrial genomes but contain proteins...
is a clear-cut distinction between mitochondria, hydrogenosomes, and mitosomes (another kind of degenerate mitochondria). A non-exhaustive list of organisms...
system as well as mitochondrial remnants, called mitosomes, through mitochondrial reduction. The mitosomes are not used in ATP synthesis the way mitochondria...
transformed their mitochondria into other structures, e.g. hydrogenosomes and mitosomes. The oxymonads Monocercomonoides, Streblomastix, and Blattamonas have...
animals melanosome pigment storage single-membrane compartment animals mitosome probably plays a role in Iron–sulfur cluster (Fe–S) assembly double-membrane...
PMID 8508172. S2CID 46363085. Tovar J, Fischer A, Clark CG (1999). "The mitosome, a novel organelle related to mitochondria in the amitochondrial parasite...
genome sizes. Exceptions are Cryptosporidium which are left with only a mitosome, the circular mitochondrial genomes of Acavomonas and Babesia microti,...
of the Intracellular Parasite Mikrocytos mackini Reveals Evidence for a Mitosome in Rhizaria". Current Biology. 23 (16): 1541–1547. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013...
respectively. While there are numerous examples of mitochondrial descendants (mitosomes and hydrogenosomes) that have lost their entire organellar genome, non-photosynthetic...
Organelles in Free-Living Protists". In Tachezy, Jan (ed.). Hydrogenosomes and Mitosomes: Mitochondria of Anaerobic Eukaryotes. Microbiology Monographs. Vol. 9...
incertae sedis members. Microsporidia lack mitochondria, instead possessing mitosomes. They also lack motile structures, such as flagella. Microsporidia produce...
Archamoebae either lack mitochondria or are described to have reduced mitosomes. They thrive and live in soil, freshwater, and marine habitats. The group...
to possess modified mitochondria, in the case of G. duodenalis, called mitosomes. These are not used in ATP synthesis the way mitochondria are, but are...
that they have a nonfunctional, mitochondrial remnant organelle called a mitosome. Most are harmless except for Giardia, Hexamita salmonis, and Histomonas...
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