Global InformationList of loanwords in Malay information
The Malay language has many loanwords from Sanskrit, Persian, Tamil, Greek, Latin, Portuguese, Dutch, certain Chinese dialects such as Hokkien and more recently, Arabic (in particular many religious terms) and English (in particular many scientific and technological terms). Modern Malay loanwords are now primarily from English, Arabic and Javanese — English being the language of trade and technology while Arabic is the language of religion (Islam in the case of this language's concentrated regions), although key words such as surga/ syurga (heaven) and the word "religion" itself (agama) reflect their Sanskrit-Hindu origins. Javanese elements on the other hand are incorporated from the variant of Malay used in Indonesia through the consumption of media from said country.
While based on Malay itself, Indonesian is traditionally more influenced by Javanese and Sundanese, as the Javanese are the largest ethnic group in Indonesia, with Javanese having the largest number of native speakers. Dutch influence over Indonesian vocabulary also is significant, as the Malay language itself was favored and adopted due to its trading benefit during VOC era over the archipelago, leading to mass loanword and influence over the modern Indonesian language. It is known that at least one third of the Indonesian vocabulary grew under Dutch influence.
There are some words in Malay which are spelled exactly the same as in its other language counterparts, e.g. in English – museum (Indonesian), hospital (Malaysian), format, hotel, transit etc. In contrast, some Malay words have been loaned into other languages, e.g. in English – rice paddy ("Padi"), orangutan, rattan, babirusa,[1] cockatoo,[2] compound,[3] gong, tuak, sago,[4][5] cootie,[6] amok, durian, agar, rambutan, keris, Pantoum/pantun,[7] "so long",[8] angrecum (anggrek/ anggrik), cassowary,[9] gingham, caddie, camphor (kapur), Gutta-percha (getah perca), launch, parang, sarong, dammar, gambir.
The Malay language has also heavily influenced the forms of colloquial English spoken in Malaysia, also known as Manglish.
Some examples are as follows:
| Word | English translation | From language | Word |
|---|---|---|---|
| sebab | reason | Arabic | السبب / alsabab |
| syarikat | company | Arabic | شركة / sharika |
| abjad | alphabet/alefbet | Arabic | أبجد / abjad |
| abolisi | abolition | Latin | abolitia |
| akta | act (law) | Latin (via English) | actus |
| aktivitas | aktiviti | activity | English | activity |
| ad interim | temporarily | Latin | ad interim |
| Ahad | Sunday | Arabic | الأحد / al-Aḥad |
| ahli | community, expert | Arabic | أهل / ahl |
| agama | religion | Sanskrit | आगम / āgama |
| akhbar | news | Arabic | أخبار / akhbār |
| aksara | alphabetic letter, key | Sanskrit | अक्षर / akṣara |
| almari (Indonesian: "lemari") | cupboard | Portuguese | armário |
| almamater | revered name for one's university | Latin | alma mater: wise and nurturing mother |
| amnesti | amnesty, state-granted pardon | Latin | amnestia |
| anggur | grape | Persian | انگور / angūr |
| angkasa | outer space, sky (literary) | Sanskrit | आकाश ākāśa "sky" |
| anugerah | award, blessing | Sanskrit | anugraha अनुग्रह "favour" |
| apam | kind of cake or hopper | Tamil | appam அப்பம் |
| arnab | rabbit | Arabic | أرنب / ʻarnab |
| askar | soldier | Persian | عسكرى / ʻaskarī / asker |
| asmara | love, passion | Sanskrit | स्मर / smara "memory, sexual love" |
| badam | almond | Persian | بادام / bādām |
| bahasa | language | Sanskrit | भाषा / bhāṣā, Tamil பாஷை / pācai |
| bahaya | danger | Sanskrit | भय / bhaya "risk, peril" |
| baju | shirt | Persian | بازو / bâzu "arm" |
| baki | remainder, leftover | Arabic | باقي / bāqī |
| bakti | homage, devotion, service | Sanskrit | भक्ति / bhakti |
| baldi | bucket | Portuguese | balde |
| bandar | port/town | Persian | بندر / bandar |
| bangku | stool/chairs | Portuguese | banco / bank |
| bangsa | nation, race | Sanskrit | वंश / vaṃśa "lineage, race" - cf. "wangsa" |
| bus | bas | bus | English | bus, from Latin "omnibus" |
| basikal | bicycle | English | bicycle |
| baru | new | Hokkien/Teochew | 麻汝 |
| bayu (lit.) | wind | Sanskrit | वायु / vāyu |
| bendera | flag | Portuguese | bandeira |
| bendi (in Indonesian, it means "gig", different with "bhendi" in Hindi) | okra/lady's finger | Hindi | भेंडी bhēṇḍī, Tamil veṇṭi / வெண்டி |
| becak | beca | trishaw | Hokkien | 馬車,马车 / bé-tshia "horse-cart" |
| beda | beza | difference | Sanskrit | भेद / bheda "cleft, partition, contrast, division" |
| biara | monastery | Sanskrit | विहार / vihāra |
| bidadari | fairy, angel | Sanskrit | विद्याधरी / vidyādharī "fay, sprite" |
| bina | to build | Arabic | بناء / bināʼ / bina 'construction' |
| bihun | rice vermicelli | Hokkien | 米粉 / bí-hún |
| biola | violin | Portuguese | viola |
| biskuit | biskut | biscuit | English | biscuit |
| bohsia | sexually active girl | Hokkien | 無聲 bô siaⁿ 'without voice' |
| bomba | fire brigade | Portuguese | bomba, "pump", or bombeiro, "fireman", lit. "pumper" |
| boneka | doll | Portuguese | boneca |
| bola | ball | Portuguese | bola |
| budi | reason, virtue | Sanskrit | बुद्धि / buddhi "intelligence, mind, reason"[10] |
| buku | book | Dutch | boek |
| bumi | earth | Sanskrit | भूमि / bhūmi "land" |
| cadar | bed linen | Persian | چادر / chādar "cloak" |
| cawan | cup | Mandarin | 茶碗,茶碗 / cháwǎn '“tea bowl” |
| cendana | sandalwood | Sanskrit | चन्दन / candana |
| cuai | careless, negligent | Mandarin | 居癌 / jūái "home"+"cancer" |
| cukup | enough | Mandarin | 足够 / zúgòu |
| dacin | dacing | scales | Mandarin | 台秤 / táichèng |
| dakwah | sermon | Arabic | دعوة / daʻwah |
| degil | headstrong, stubborn | Sinhala | ඩීගිල් / ḍīgil |
| delima | pomegranate, ruby | Sanskrit | दालिम / dālima or दाडिम / dāḍima "pomegranate" |
| demokrasi | democracy | Greek | δημοκρατία / dēmokratía |
| dekan | dean | Portuguese | decano |
| denda | fine, punishment | Sanskrit | दण्ड / daṇḍa "rod" |
| desa | countryside, village | Sanskrit | देश / deśa "country" |
| dewan | hall | Persian | دیوان / dīvān "administration" |
| dewi | Goddess | Sanskrit | देवी / devī "goddess" |
| dirgahayu | "long live" (Dirgahayu Tuanku! - Long live the King!) | Sanskrit | दिर्घायु / dirghāyu "long-lived" |
| deskriptif | descriptive | English | descriptive |
| dobi | laundry | Hindi | धोबी / dhobī "caste of laundrymen who used to wash people's clothes in bygone days" |
| duka | sadness | Sanskrit | दुःख / duḥkha "sorrow, distress, suffering" |
| dunia | world | Arabic | دنيا / dunyā / dünya |
| durjana | evil, wicked, malicious | Sanskrit | दुर्जन / durjana "bad man, villain" |
| email | emel | English | ||
| erti (Indonesian variant "arti") | meaning | Sanskrit | अर्थ / artha "aim, purpose" |
| falsafah | philosophy | Arabic | Arabic فلسفة / falsafah, from Ancient Greek φιλοσοφία / philosophía |
| fitnah | slander | Arabic | فتنة / fitnah "upheaval, scandal" |
| forum | forum | Latin | forum |
| gajah | elephant | Sanskrit | गज / gaja |
| gandum | wheat | Persian | گندم / gandom |
| ganja | cannabis, marijuana | Sanskrit | गञ्जा / gañjā |
| garasi | garaj | garage | English | garage |
| garpu | fork | Portuguese | garfo |
| gereja | church | Portuguese | igreja |
| grafik | graphic | English | graphic |
| gratis (mainly in Indonesian usage) | for free | Dutch | gratis |
| guru | teacher | Sanskrit | गुरु / guru "heavy, venerable" |
| had | limit | Arabic | حد / ḥadd |
| halal | permitted | Arabic | حلال / ḥalāl |
| haram | forbidden | Arabic | حرام / ḥarām |
| harta | asset, treasure | Sanskrit/Tamil | arttam/அர்த்தம், Sanskrit अर्थ / artha - cf "erti" |
| hartal | strike, civil disobedience | Gujarati | હડતાળ / haḍtāḷ, હડતાલ / haḍtāl (pronunciation with r via Hindustani ہڑتال) |
| haiwan | hewan | animal | Arabic | حيوان / ḥaywān |
| hasta | hasta (unit) | Sanskrit | हस्त / hásta |
| hina | lowly, inferior, mock | Sanskrit | हीन / hīna |
| hisab | counting/arithmetic | Arabic | حساب / ḥisāb |
| humaniora (mainly Indonesian) | humanities | Latin | humaniora |
| huruf | word character/letter | Arabic | حرف / ḥarf (plural حروف ḥurūf) |
| ilmu | knowledge | Arabic | علم / ʻilm |
| istana | palace | Sanskrit | आस्थान / āsthāna "assembly, audience hall" |
| jawab | jawap | to answer | Arabic | جواب / jawāb / Cevap |
| jelata | the masses | Sanskrit | जनता / janatā "folk, community" |
| jendela (mainly in Indonesian usage) | window | Portuguese | janela |
| Jepun (Indonesian: "Jepang") | Japan | Hokkien | Ji̍tpún 日本 |
| jiran | neighbour | Arabic | jiran جيران |
| Jumat | Jumaat | Friday | Arabic | الجمعة / al-Jumʿah |
| Kamis | Khamis | Thursday | Arabic | الخميس / al-Khamīs |
| kaca | glass (material) | Sanskrit | काच / kāca "glass, crystal, lens" |
| kamus | dictionary | Arabic | قاموس / qāmūs / kamus |
| kantata (mainly Indonesian) | song | Latin | cantata |
| kapal | boat | Tamil | kappal கப்பல் |
| kaunter (Indonesian: konter (alternative of loket)) | counter, desk | English | counter |
| kedai | foodstall, shop | Tamil | kaṭai கடை |
| keju | cheese | Portuguese | queijo |
| kelas | class | English | class |
| kemeja | shirt | Portuguese | camisa |
| kepala | head | Sanskrit | कपाल / kapāla "skull" |
| kerana (Indonesian: karena) | because | Sanskrit | कारण / kāraṇa |
| kuli | coolie / port worker | Hindustani | قُلى qulī (itself derived from a Turkic language) |
| karton | carton (classifier for packaging) | English | carton |
| kartun | cartoon (animated movie) | English | cartoon |
| kereta | carriage, car, (Indonesian: train) | Portuguese | carreta |
| kerusi | kursi | chair, stool | Arabic | كرسي kursii |
| kemah | khemah | tent | Arabic via Persian | خیمة / khaymah |
| kuil | temple/shrine | Tamil | kōyil கோயில் |
| kismis | raisin | Persian | کشمش / kishmish |
| kolam | pool | Tamil | kuḷam குளம் |
| koma-koma | saffron | Sanskrit / Arabic | कुङ्कुम / kuṅkuma |
| kompromi | compromise | The pronunciation (lack of the "s" phoneme) suggests that this was borrowed from French (perhaps via Dutch) | compromis |
| komputer | computer | English | computer |
| kurkuma | saffron, turmeric | Sanskrit / Arabic | कुङ्कुम kuṅkuma 'saffron', influenced by Arabic كركم kurkum 'turmeric' |
| kongsi | share, divide | Hokkien | kong-si 公司 |
| korban | sacrifice | Arabic | قربان / qurbān |
| kota | city | Tamil | கோட்டை / kōṭṭai |
| kredo | creed | Latin | credō |
| kucai | chives | Hokkien | 韭菜,韭菜 / kú-tshài |
| kuda | horse | Tamil | கோடை kōṭai < Sanskrit घोट ghoṭa |
| kue | kuih | kek | cake | Hokkien | kué 粿 |
| kualitas | kualiti | quality | Latin | kualitas, through Dutch: kualiteit |
| kurma | date | Persian | خرما / khormā |
| lancia | lanca | rickshaw | Hokkien | 人車,人车 / lâng-tshia "human drag cart" |
| lelong | auction | Portuguese | leilão (archaic) |
| lemari (Malaysian: "almari") | cupboard | Portuguese | armário |
| lirik | lyrics | English | lyrics |
| limau | lemon, orange | Portuguese | limão |
| lobak | carrot | Cantonese | 萝卜,蘿蔔 / lo4 baak6 |
| lungkang | longkang | drain, sewer | Hokkien | 龍江,龙江 / liông-kang |
| lori | truck/lorry | English | lorry |
| maaf | sorry | Arabic | معاف / muʻāf 'pardoned' |
| maha | great | Sanskrit | महा / mahā |
| makmal | laboratory | Arabic | معمل / maʻmal |
| mangga | mango | Tamil | mangkāy மாங்காய் |
| mani | sperm, semen | Arabic / Sanskrit | مني / manī, Sanskrit मणि / maṇi "bead, jewel, gem" |
| manusia | human | Sanskrit | मनुष्य / manuṣyá |
| masjid | mosque | Arabic | مسجد / masjid |
| maya | illusion (religious), imaginary | Sanskrit | माया / māyā |
| mentega | butter | Portuguese | manteiga |
| mi | mee | mie | noodles | Hokkien | 麪 / mī |
| meja | table | Portuguese | mesa |
| melati | jasmine (jasminum grandiflorum) | Sanskrit | मालती / mālatī |
| merana | suffering, wasting away | Sanskrit | मारण / māraṇa "death" |
| merdeka | free, independent(Country) | Sanskrit | महर्द्धिक / mahārdhika |
| merdu | melodious, tuneful | Sanskrit | मृदु / mṛdu "soft" |
| mesej | message | English | message |
| minggu | week, Sunday (Indonesian) | Portuguese | domingo (domingo means Sunday, "dominus" meaning "Lord" in Latin and "die dominicu" meaning "day of the Lord") |
| miskin | poor | Arabic | مسكين / miskīn |
| misi | mission | Latin (via English) | missiō |
| mitos | myth | Greek | μύθος / mýthos |
| motosikal | motorcycle | English | motorcycle |
| muhibah | goodwill | Arabic | muhibbah موهبه "loving" |
| muflis | bankrupt | Arabic | مفلس / muflis |
| mula | mulai | to start, to begin | Sanskrit | मूल / mūla "root, origin" |
| munafik | hypocrite | Arabic | منافق / munāfiq |
| mungkin | maybe, perhaps, possibly | Arabic | ممكن / mumkin "possible" |
| mustahil | impossible | Arabic | مستحيل / mustaḥīl 'impossible, absurd' |
| museum | muzium | museum | English Derived from Greek, the "um" suffix is Latin | museum, from Ancient Greek μουσεῖον / mouseîon and Latin suffix "-um" |
| nadi | pulse, artery | Sanskrit | नाडी / nāḍī |
| najis | excrement | Arabic | نجس / najis |
| nama | name | Sanskrit | नामन् / nāman |
| naratif | narrative | English | narrative |
| negara | country | Sanskrit | नगर / nagara "town, city" |
| nanas | nenas | pineapple | Portuguese (itself from the Tupi language) | ananás |
| neraka | hell | Sanskrit | नरक / naraka |
| nihil | nil, nothing, zero | Latin | nihil |
| nisbah | ratio | Arabic | نِسْبَة / nisba |
| nota bene | actually, after look carefully, also | Latin | nota bene: note well, examine closely |
| nujum (in the compound ahli nujum) | astrologer | Arabic | نجوم nujūm 'stars' |
| nila | indigo dye | Sanskrit | नील / nīla "dark blue" |
| nilam | sapphire | Sanskrit | नीलं / nīlam "blue" |
| nobat | royal ensemble music | Arabic | نَوبة nawbah 'turn; changing of guards; bugle call; troupe of musicians' |
| Nusantara | archipelago (esp. the Malay Archipelago) | Javanese / Sanskrit | Nusantara |
| oknum | authority figure (police, soldier, prosecutor, judge) that perform unlawful or corrupted deed | Arabic | أقنوم uqnūm < Syriac ܩܢܘܡܐ qnoma 'person' |
| paderi | priest (Christian) | Portuguese | padre |
| pahala | divine reward | Sanskrit | फल / phala "fruit" |
| pahlawan | hero/warrior | Persian | پهلوان / pahlavān |
| pancaragam | musical band | Sanskrit | pañca पञ्च "five" + rāga राग "melody/tune/musical note" |
| paracut | parasut | parachute | English | parachute |
| pau | pao | steamed bun | Chinese | "bāo" 包. False etymology ascribes the origin of the word to Portuguese pão (bread), but this is incorrect;[citation needed] a form of the word "bāo" was already present in Middle Chinese to refer to steamed dumplings. |
| perkasa | mighty | Sanskrit | प्रकाश / prakāśa "enlightened" |
| permaisuri | supreme lady, queen | Sanskrit | परम parama 'supreme' + ईश्वरी īśvarī 'female ruler', via Tamil பரமேஸ்வரி paramēsvari |
| perpustakaan | library | Sanskrit | base word pustaka / पुस्तक "book, manuscript" |
| pesta | party | Portuguese | festa |
| pasar | market, bazaar | Persian | بازار / bāzār / pazar |
| peta | map | Tamil | paṭam படம் 'cloth; picture' |
| perdana menteri | prime minister | Sanskrit | pradhānamantri प्रधानमन्त्रिन् |
| pertama | first | Sanskrit | प्रथम / prathama |
| pertiwi | native soil, motherland | Sanskrit | पृथिवी / pṛthivī or पृथ्वी / pṛthvī "mother goddess of the earth" |
| piala | cup (in the sense of a trophy) | Persian | پیاله / piyālah |
| pita | tape, knot | Portuguese | fita |
| puasa | fasting | Sanskrit | उपवास / upavāsa |
| puja | idolize, worship | Sanskrit | पूजा / pūjā |
| punya | (possessive verb) | Sanskrit | पुण्य / puṇya "merit, deserving" |
| pura | Hindu temple, city | Sanskrit | पुर / pura "city, walled enclosure" |
| purnama | (of the moon) full | Sanskrit | पूर्णमा / pūrṇamā - cf. "sempurṇa" |
| putra | putera | prince, male child | Sanskrit | पुत्र / putra |
| purba | ancient | Sanskrit | पूर्व / purva |
| rahasia | rahsia | secret | Sanskrit | रहस्य / rahasya "private, mystery" |
| raja | king | Sanskrit | राजन् / rā́jan |
| Rabu | Wednesday | Arabic | الأربعاء / al-Arbaʻāʼ |
| raksasa | monster | Sanskrit | राक्षस / rākṣasa "demon, demoniacal" |
| rasa | taste, feeling | Sanskrit | रस / rasa |
| ratna | jewel, gemstone | Sanskrit | रत्न / ratna |
| renda | lace | Portuguese | renda |
| risiko | risk | Dutch | risico |
| roda | wheel | Portuguese | roda |
| ronda | verb, to patrol | Portuguese | verb rondar or noun ronda |
| rokok | cigarette | Dutch | roken "to smoke" |
| roti | bread | Sanskrit/Hindi | रोटी roṭī 'bread' |
| rupa | shape, form, appearance | Sanskrit | रूप / rūpa |
| sabda | quote, say | Sanskrit | शब्द / śabda "sound, word" |
| Sabtu | Saturday | Arabic | السبت / al-Sabt |
| sabun | soap | Arabic to Portuguese | Portuguese sabão < صابون ṣābūn < Late Latin sapo < Proto-Germanic saipon |
| sahaja (Indonesian: "saja") | only, casual, relaxed (e.g. duduk bersahaja "seated casually"), (something) alone | Sanskrit | सहज / sahaja "simple, natural, sudden" |
| sains | science | English | science |
| sama | same | Sanskrit | सम / sama |
| samseng | gangster | Hokkien | 三牲 / sam-sing |
| sakti | miraculous power, powerful | Sanskrit | शक्ति / śakti "strength, ability" |
| salju | salji | snow | Arabic | ثلج thalj |
| sekolah | school | Portuguese | escola |
| seks | sex | English | sex, from Latin |
| selamat | safe, well-being | Arabic | سلامات salāmāt, used for greeting phrases as 'selamat pagi', etc. |
| Selasa | Tuesday | Arabic | الثلاثاء / al-Thulāthāʼ |
| sempurna | perfect, complete | Sanskrit | संपूर्ण / sampūrṇa "complete, whole" - cf. "purnama" |
| sengsara | Suffering | Sanskrit | संसार / saṃsāra "wandering through" |
| Senin (Malaysian: "Isnin") | Monday | Arabic | الإثنين / al-Ithnayn |
| spanduk | sepanduk | banner | Dutch | spandoek |
| sekolah | school | Greek | σχολή skholē |
| sepatu (mainly in Indonesian usage) | shoe | Portuguese | sapato |
| serigala | wolf | Sanskrit | शृगाल / śṛgāla "jackal" |
| seteru | adversary, enemy | Sanskrit | शत्रु / śatru "foe, rival" |
| singa | lion | Tamil, Sanskrit | ciṅgam சிங்கம், siṁha सिंह |
| sejarah | history | Arabic | شجرة shajarah 'tree' |
| sengkuang | Pachyrhizus erosus | Philippine from Nahuatl via Spanish | Philippine singkamás < Spanish jícama < Classical Nahuatl xīcama |
| seks | sex | English | Sexual intercourse |
| serdadu | soldadu (obsolete) | soldier | Portuguese | soldado |
| stadion | stadium | stadium | Greek | στάδιον / stádion "running race in the Ancient Olympics" |
| status | status | Latin | status |
| stesen | station | English | station |
| sopir | supir (dialectal/Indonesian) | driver | French | chauffeur |
| syariah | Islamic law | Arabic | الشريعة / sharīʻah |
| syukur | thankful, grateful | Arabic | شكر / shukr / Şükür |
| syurga | surga | heaven | Sanskrit | स्वर्ग / svargá |
| sistem | system | English | system |
| suci | clean, pure, wise | Sanskrit | शुचि / śuci "shining, clear" |
| suka | like someone/something, happiness | Sanskrit | सुख / sukha "easy, pleasant, comfort" |
| sula | to impale | Sanskrit | शूल / śūla "stake, spear, pike" |
| syor | recommendation | Mandarin | 說,说 / shuō |
| suria | surya | sun | Sanskrit | सूर्य / sūrya |
| takhta | throne | Persian | تخت / takht 'platform' |
| tangki | tank | Portuguese | tanque |
| tanglung | lantern | Hokkien | 燈籠,灯笼 / tanglong |
| topan | taufan | typhoon | Persian | طوفان |
| taoge | taugeh | bean sprouts | Hokkien | 豆芽,豆芽 / tāu-gê |
| tahu | tauhu | bean curd, know | Hokkien | 豆腐 / tāu-hū |
| tarikh | date | Arabic | تاريخ / tārīkh |
| teh | black tea | Hokkien | 茶乌,茶烏 / tê-oo |
| teja (archaic) | magnificence, splendor, radiance | Sanskrit | तेजस् / tejas "sharp edge, glow, splendor" |
| taksi | teksi | taxi | English | taxi |
| teko | teapot | Hokkien | 茶壺,茶壶 / tê-ko |
| televisi | television | Dutch | televisie |
| televisyen | television | English | television |
| tembaga | copper | possibly Sanskrit or Spanish | tāmra ताम्र (Sanskrit) or tumbaga (Spanish). The Spanish word rather refers to a copper-gold alloy. |
| tempo | tempoh | period | Portuguese | tempo "time" |
| topi | hat | Sanskrit/Hindi | टोपी ṭopī |
| tuala | towel | Portuguese | toalha |
| tukar | to exchange, switch | Portuguese | trocar |
| umur | age | Arabic | عمر / ʻumur |
| universitas | universiti | university | Latin | universitas |
| unta | camel | Hindi | ऊँट ūṇṭ < Sanskrit उष्ट्र uṣṭra |
| upacara | ritual, ceremony | Sanskrit | उपचार / upacāra "approach, service" |
| usia | age | Sanskrit | आयुष्य / āyuṣya |
| utama | main | Sanskrit | उत्तम / uttama "principal" (adj.) |
| utara | north | Sanskrit | उत्तर / uttara "upper, higher, better, later" |
| waham | delusion | Arabic | وهم/wahm[11] |
| waktu | time | Arabic | وقت / waqt |
| wangsa | dynasty | Sanskrit | वंश / vaṃśa "lineage, race" - cf. "bangsa" |
| wanita | woman | Sanskrit | वनिता / vanitā |
| warna | colour | Sanskrit | वर्ण / varṇa "form, shape, covering, race, species, kind" |
| warta | news | Sanskrit | वार्त्ता / vārttā |
| zarafah | zirafah | jerapah | giraffe | Arabic | زرافة / zarāfah |
- ^ The Royal Natural History: Mammals, Richard Lydekker, F. Warne, 1894
- ^ A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, first edition 1882.
- ^ 1670s, via Dutch (kampoeng) or Portuguese, from Malay kampong "village, group of buildings."
- ^ Oriental herald and journal of general literature, Volume 19, 1828, p394
- ^ The new American Cyclopaedia: a popular dictionary of general…, Volume 14 edited by George Ripley, Charles Anderson Dana
- ^ Cootie
- ^ The Encyclopædia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information, Volume 20, (1911), Hugh Chisholm
- ^ Word Origins, By Dhirendra Verm
- ^ Victoria Museum
- ^ "budi" at Wiktionary
- ^ وهم (Al-Maany Arabic-English Dictionary