This article contains dynamic lists that may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
This is an incomplete list of Dutch expressions used in English; some are relatively common (e.g. cookie), some are comparatively rare. In a survey by Joseph M. Williams in Origins of the English Language it is estimated that about 1% of English words are of Dutch origin.[1]
In many cases the loanword has assumed a meaning substantially different from its Dutch forebear. Some English words have been borrowed directly from Dutch. But typically, English spellings of Dutch loanwords suppress combinations of vowels of the original word which do not exist in English and replace them with existing vowel combinations respectively. For example, the oe in koekje or koekie becomes oo in cookie,[2] the ij (considered a vowel in Dutch) and the ui in vrijbuiter becomes ee and oo in freebooter, the aa in baas becomes o in boss, the oo in stoof becomes o in stove.
As languages, English and Dutch are both West Germanic, and descend further back from the common ancestor language Proto-Germanic. Their relationship however, has been obscured by the lexical influence of Old Norse as a consequence of Viking expansion from the 9th till the 11th century, and Norman French, as a consequence of the Norman conquest of England in 1066. Because of their close common relationship - in addition to the large Latin and French vocabulary both languages possess - many English words are essentially identical to their Dutch lexical counterparts, either in spelling (plant, begin, fruit), pronunciation (pool = pole, boek = book, diep = deep), or both (offer, hard, lip) or as false friends (ramp = disaster, roof = robbery, mop = joke). These cognates or in other ways related words are excluded from this list.
Dutch expressions have been incorporated into English usage for many reasons and in different periods in time. These are some of the most common ones:
^Williams, Joseph M. (18 April 1986). Amazon.com: Origins of the English Language (9780029344705): Joseph M. Williams: Books. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0029344700.
^Der, Nicoline Sijs van (2009). Cookies, Coleslaw, and Stoops. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789089641243. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
and 27 Related for: List of English words of Dutch origin information
including English, contain words (Russianisms) most likely borrowed from the Russian language. Not all of the words are of purely Russian or origin. Some of them...
Wordsof Afrikaans origin have entered other languages. British English has absorbed Afrikaans words primarily via British soldiers who served in the Boer...
This is a listofEnglishwordsof Sanskrit origin. Most of these words were not directly borrowed from Sanskrit. The meaning of some words have changed...
This is a listofwords that have entered the English language from the Yiddish language, many of them by way of American English. There are differing...
See ListofEnglishwordsof Welsh origin a list which includes Cornish (e.g. coracle; crag; corgi (type of dog), likely flannel; likely gull (type of bird)...
category on English terms derived from Czech. This is a listofwords coming to English from or via Czech, or originating in the Lands of the Bohemian...
This is a listofEnglish language words borrowed from Indigenous languages of the Americas, either directly or through intermediate European languages...
Most wordsof African origin used in English are nouns describing animals, plants, or cultural practices that have their origins in Africa (mostly sub-Saharan...
partial listof loanwords in English language, that were borrowed or derived, either directly or indirectly, from Malay language. Many of the words are decisively...
This is a listofEnglishwords inherited and derived directly from the Old English stage of the language. This list also includes neologisms formed from...
A listofEnglish Language words derived from the Celtic Gaulish language, entering English via Old Frankish or Vulgar Latin and Old French ambassador...
symbols. Wordsof Old Norse origin have entered the English language, primarily from the contact between Old Norse and Old English during colonisation of eastern...
English wordsof Scots origin is a listofEnglish language wordsof Scots origin. See also "ListofEnglishwordsof Scottish Gaelic origin", which contains...
This is a listofEnglishwords borrowed or derived from Portuguese (or Galician-Portuguese). The list also includes words derived from other languages...
and Sinhala languages. These are examples of Sinhala wordsofEnglishorigin Sinhala language Dutch loanwords in Sinhala Portuguese loanwords in Sinhala...
This is a listof Sinhala wordsofDutchorigin. Note: For information on the transcription used, see National Library at Calcutta romanization. An exception...
This is a listof some Spanish wordsof Germanic origin. The list includes words from Visigothic, Frankish, Langobardic, Middle Dutch, Middle High German...
archipelago. Conversely, many wordsof Malay-Indonesian origin have also been borrowed into English. Words borrowed into English (e.g., bamboo, orangutan,...
: (イ) or arigatō for short.: (ロ) Gairaigo Listof gairaigo and wasei-eigo terms Japanese wordsofDutchorigin Nippo Jisho, the first Japanese dictionary...