Protein complex that allows microtubules to attach to chromosomes during cell division
Image of kinetochores in pink
A kinetochore (/kɪˈnɛtəkɔːr/, /-ˈniːtəkɔːr/) is a disc-shaped protein structure associated with duplicated chromatids in eukaryotic cells where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull sister chromatids apart.[1] The kinetochore assembles on the centromere and links the chromosome to microtubule polymers from the mitotic spindle during mitosis and meiosis. The term kinetochore was first used in a footnote in a 1934 Cytology book by Lester W. Sharp[2] and commonly accepted in 1936.[3] Sharp's footnote reads: "The convenient term kinetochore (= movement place) has been suggested to the author by J. A. Moore", likely referring to John Alexander Moore who had joined Columbia University as a freshman in 1932.[4]
Monocentric organisms, including vertebrates, fungi, and most plants, have a single centromeric region on each chromosome which assembles a single, localized kinetochore. Holocentric organisms, such as nematodes and some plants, assemble a kinetochore along the entire length of a chromosome.[5]
Kinetochores start, control, and supervise the striking movements of chromosomes during cell division. During mitosis, which occurs after the amount of DNA is doubled in each chromosome (while maintaining the same number of chromosomes) in S phase, two sister chromatids are held together by a centromere. Each chromatid has its own kinetochore, which face in opposite directions and attach to opposite poles of the mitotic spindle apparatus. Following the transition from metaphase to anaphase, the sister chromatids separate from each other, and the individual kinetochores on each chromatid drive their movement to the spindle poles that will define the two new daughter cells. The kinetochore is therefore essential for the chromosome segregation that is classically associated with mitosis and meiosis.
^Santaguida S, Musacchio A (September 2009). "The life and miracles of kinetochores". The EMBO Journal. 28 (17): 2511–31. doi:10.1038/emboj.2009.173. PMC 2722247. PMID 19629042.
^Sharp LW (1934). Introduction to cytology (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, inc. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.6429.
^Schrader F (1936-06-01). "The kinetochore or spindle fibre locus in amphiuma tridactylum". The Biological Bulletin. 70 (3): 484–498. doi:10.2307/1537304. ISSN 0006-3185. JSTOR 1537304.
^Kops GJ, Saurin AT, Meraldi P (July 2010). "Finding the middle ground: how kinetochores power chromosome congression". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 67 (13): 2145–61. doi:10.1007/s00018-010-0321-y. PMC 2883098. PMID 20232224.
^Albertson DG, Thomson JN (May 1993). "Segregation of holocentric chromosomes at meiosis in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans". Chromosome Research. 1 (1): 15–26. doi:10.1007/BF00710603. PMID 8143084. S2CID 5644126.
A kinetochore (/kɪˈnɛtəkɔːr/, /-ˈniːtəkɔːr/) is a disc-shaped protein structure associated with duplicated chromatids in eukaryotic cells where the spindle...
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Depolymerization of microtubules generates tension at kinetochores; bipolar attachment of sister kinetochores to microtubules emanating from opposite cell poles...
composed of two types, kinetochore microtubules and non-kinetochore microtubules. Kinetochore microtubules begin searching for kinetochores to attach to. A number...
the kinetochores of the chromosomes, as well as the alignment of the chromosomes in the middle of the cell. Each chromatid has its own kinetochore, and...
the centromere via the kinetochore. The physical role of the centromere is to act as the site of assembly of the kinetochores – a highly complex multiprotein...
centrosomes on opposite poles of the cell have completed attachment to kinetochores on condensed chromosomes. The centromeres of the chromosomes convene...
envelope. In late prometaphase, kinetochore microtubules begin to search for and attach to chromosomal kinetochores. A kinetochore is a proteinaceous microtubule-binding...
attach to the kinetochores can aid in chromosome congregation through lateral interaction with the kinetochores. K fibers/Kinetochore microtubules are...
chromosome kinetochores form end-on attachments to microtubules. Homologous pairs move together along the metaphase plate: As kinetochore microtubules...
Kinetochore protein NDC80 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NDC80 gene. Ndc80 is one of the proteins of outer kinetochore. It forms...
involved in creating the forces necessary to separate the chromatids: kinetochore microtubules, interpolar microtubules, and astral microtubules. The centromeres...
emanating from different microtubule organizing centres (MTOCs) attach to kinetochores of sister chromatids. This results in the sister chromatids moving to...
the Shugoshin protein in eukaryotes. It has a role in attaching to the kinetochores, structures on the chromatids where microtubules attach. Shugoshin has...
Holocentric chromosomes are chromosomes that possess multiple kinetochores along their length rather than the single centromere typical of other chromosomes...
centrosome to attach to the kinetochores on the sister chromatids. Stable attachment of the spindle apparatus to the kinetochores on the sister chromatids...
attachments of kinetochores to the microtubules responsible for chromatid separation. Merotelic attachments occur when a single centromere kinetochore attaches...
yeast strain in which a kinetochore binding protein was missing. The protein was shown to be present at unattached kinetochores and antibody inhibition...
certain chromosomes. Named regions include: Arms (p and q) Centromere Kinetochore Telomere Sub telomere satellite chromosome or trabant. NOR region During...
KNL1 (kinetochore scaffold 1, aka CASC5) is a protein that is encoded by the KNL1 gene in humans. KNL1 is part of the outer kinetochore. It is a part...
Kinetochore protein Nuf2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NUF2 gene. This gene encodes a protein that is highly similar to yeast Nuf2, a...
is a histone H3 variant which is the critical factor determining the kinetochore position(s) on each chromosome in most eukaryotes including humans. CENPA...
preparation for mitosis). In late G2, the protein forms part of the kinetochore, a disc-shaped protein complex that allows the centromere of two sister...
involved in the assembly of kinetochore proteins, mitotic progression and chromosome segregation. Centromere and kinetochore proteins play a critical role...
Monopolin receptor and kinetochore protein, DSN1, to bind to and fuse the sister kinetochores. Microtubules can then attach to the kinetochores on the homologous...
genetic screens of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The protein is bound to kinetochores and plays a key role in the establishment of the mitotic spindle checkpoint...
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