Global InformationHolocentric chromosome information
Holocentric chromosomes are chromosomes that possess multiple kinetochores along their length rather than the single centromere typical of other chromosomes.[1] They were first described in cytogenetic experiments in 1935. Since this first observation, the term holocentric chromosome has referred to chromosomes that: i) lack the primary constriction corresponding to the centromere observed in monocentric chromosomes;[2] and ii) possess multiple kinetochores dispersed along the entire chromosomal axis, such that microtubules bind to the chromosome along its entire length and move broadside to the pole from the metaphase plate.[3] Holocentric chromosomes are also termed holokinetic, because, during cell division, the sister chromatids move apart in parallel and do not form the classical V-shaped figures typical of monocentric chromosomes.[4][5][6]
Holocentric chromosomes have evolved several times during both animal and plant evolution, and are currently reported in about eight hundred diverse species, including plants, insects, arachnids, and nematodes.[7][8] As a consequence of their diffuse kinetochores, holocentric chromosomes may stabilize chromosomal fragments created by accidental double-strand breaks, preventing loss of the fragments and favouring karyotype rearrangements.[9][10] However, holocentric chromosomes may also present limitations to crossing over, causing a restriction of the number of chiasma in bivalents,[11] and may cause a restructuring of meiotic divisions resulting in an "inverted" meiosis.[12]
- ^ Schrader F (1935). "Notes an the Mitotic Behavior of Long Chromosomes". Cytologia. 6 (4): 422–430. doi:10.1508/cytologia.6.422. ISSN 0011-4545.
- ^ Mandrioli M, Manicardi GC (2003). "Analysis of insect holocentric chromosomes by atomic force microscopy". Hereditas. 138 (2): 129–32. doi:10.1034/j.1601-5223.2003.01661.x. hdl:11380/5054. PMID 12921164.
- ^ Hughes-Schrader S; Schrader F (January 1961). "The kinetochore of the Hemiptera". Chromosoma. 12 (1): 327–50. doi:10.1007/bf00328928. PMID 13716663. S2CID 5169204.
- ^ Wrensch DL, Kethley JB, Norton RA (1994). "Cytogenetics of Holokinetic Chromosomes and Inverted Meiosis: Keys to the Evolutionary Success of Mites, with Generalizations on Eukaryotes". Mites. Springer US. pp. 282–343. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-2389-5_11. ISBN 978-1-4613-6012-4.
- ^ White MJ (1973). Animal cytology and evolution (3d ed.). Cambridge [England]: University Press. ISBN 0-521-07071-6. OCLC 674359.
- ^ Mandrioli M, Manicardi GC (August 2012). "Unlocking holocentric chromosomes: new perspectives from comparative and functional genomics?". Current Genomics. 13 (5): 343–9. doi:10.2174/138920212801619250. PMC 3401891. PMID 23372420.
- ^ Melters DP, Paliulis LV, Korf IF, Chan SW (July 2012). "Holocentric chromosomes: convergent evolution, meiotic adaptations, and genomic analysis". Chromosome Research. 20 (5): 579–93. doi:10.1007/s10577-012-9292-1. PMID 22766638. S2CID 3351527.
- ^ Benavente R (May 1982). "Holocentric chromosomes of arachnids: Presence of kinetochore plates during meiotic divisions". Genetica. 59 (1): 23–27. doi:10.1007/bf00130811. ISSN 0016-6707. S2CID 21290751.
- ^ Monti V, Lombardo G, Loxdale HD, Manicardi GC, Mandrioli M (March 2012). "Continuous occurrence of intra-individual chromosome rearrangements in the peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)". Genetica. 140 (1–3): 93–103. doi:10.1007/s10709-012-9661-x. hdl:11380/739277. PMID 22644285. S2CID 15715405.
- ^ Manicardi GC, Nardelli A, Mandrioli M (2015-08-01). "Fast chromosomal evolution and karyotype instability: recurrent chromosomal rearrangements in the peach potato aphidMyzus persicae(Hemiptera: Aphididae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 116 (3): 519–529. doi:10.1111/bij.12621. ISSN 0024-4066.
- ^ Nokkala S, Kuznetsova VG, Maryanska-Nadachowska A, Nokkala C (2004). "Holocentric chromosomes in meiosis. I. Restriction of the number of chiasmata in bivalents". Chromosome Research. 12 (7): 733–9. doi:10.1023/b:chro.0000045797.74375.70. PMID 15505408. S2CID 22226624.
- ^ Lukhtanov VA, Dincă V, Friberg M, Šíchová J, Olofsson M, Vila R, et al. (October 2018). "Versatility of multivalent orientation, inverted meiosis, and rescued fitness in holocentric chromosomal hybrids". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (41): E9610–E9619. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115E9610L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1802610115. PMC 6187165. PMID 30266792.