A ketogenic amino acid is an amino acid that can be degraded directly into acetyl-CoA, which is the precursor of ketone bodies and myelin, particularly during early childhood, when the developing brain requires high rates of myelin synthesis.[1] This is in contrast to the glucogenic amino acids, which are converted into glucose. Ketogenic amino acids are unable to be converted to glucose as both carbon atoms in the ketone body are ultimately degraded to carbon dioxide in the citric acid cycle.
In humans, two amino acids – leucine and lysine – are exclusively ketogenic. Five more are amphibolic (both ketogenic and glucogenic): phenylalanine, isoleucine, threonine, tryptophan and tyrosine. The remaining thirteen are exclusively glucogenic.[2]
^Yudkoff, Marc; Daikhin, Yevgeny; Melø, Torun Margareta; Nissim, Ilana; Sonnewald, Ursula; Nissim, Itzhak (2007). "The Ketogenic Diet and Brain Metabolism of Amino Acids: Relationship to the Anticonvulsant Effect". Annual Review of Nutrition. 27: 415–430. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093722. ISSN 0199-9885. PMC 4237068. PMID 17444813.
^Berg J, Tymoczko J, Stryer L (2015-04-08). "Protein Turnover and Amino Acid Catabolism". Biochemistry (8th ed.). Macmillan Learning. ISBN 978-1-4641-2610-9. Archived from the original on 2007-06-30.
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A ketogenicaminoacid is an aminoacid that can be degraded directly into acetyl-CoA, which is the precursor of ketone bodies and myelin, particularly...
the ketogenicaminoacids, which are converted into ketone bodies. The production of glucose from glucogenic aminoacids involves these aminoacids being...
Proteinogenic aminoacids are aminoacids that are incorporated biosynthetically into proteins during translation. The word "proteinogenic" means "protein...
one of the two exclusively ketogenicaminoacids, with lysine being the other. It is the most important ketogenicaminoacid in humans. Leucine and β-hydroxy...
An essential aminoacid, or indispensable aminoacid, is an aminoacid that cannot be synthesized from scratch by the organism fast enough to supply its...
Isoleucine (symbol Ile or I) is an α-aminoacid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH+3...
Lysine (symbol Lys or K) is an α-aminoacid that is a precursor to many proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH+3 form...
which organisms produce ketone bodies by breaking down fatty acids and ketogenicaminoacids. The process supplies energy to certain organs, particularly...
Threonine (symbol Thr or T) is an aminoacid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH+...
Phenylalanine (symbol Phe or F) is an essential α-aminoacid with the formula C 9H 11NO 2. It can be viewed as a benzyl group substituted for the methyl...
supplemented with aminoacids, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins, minerals and trace elements. It is used to administer the 4:1 ratio classic ketogenic diet in children...
Trp or W) is an α-aminoacid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Tryptophan contains an α-amino group, an α-carboxylic acid group, and a side...
An aromatic aminoacid is an aminoacid that includes an aromatic ring. Among the 20 standard aminoacids, histidine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine...
urine or breath. These latter aminoacids are therefore termed "ketogenic" aminoacids, whereas those that enter the citric acid cycle as intermediates can...
Aminoacids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Although over 500 aminoacids exist in nature, by far...
production. Glucogenic aminoacids from proteins and/or Glycerol from Triglycerides are converted to glucose. Ketogenicaminoacids can be deaminated to...
Kynurenic acid (KYNA or KYN) is a product of the normal metabolism of aminoacid L-tryptophan. It has been shown that kynurenic acid possesses neuroactive...
glucogenic aminoacids (although not ketogenicaminoacids); from breakdown of lipids (such as triglycerides), they include glycerol, odd-chain fatty acids (although...
biochemical processes responsible for the synthesis of proteins and aminoacids (anabolism), and the breakdown of proteins by catabolism. The steps of...
The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (also known as AMPA receptor, AMPAR, or quisqualate receptor) is an ionotropic transmembrane...
synthesized from the glucogenic aminoacids and a few other gluconeogenic substrates, which do not include fatty acids. Fatty acids are broken down to acetyl-CoA...
synthesized from the glucogenic aminoacids and a few other gluconeogenic substrates, which do not include fatty acids. Nonetheless, lipolysis releases...
ATP in the attachment tRNA to aminoacids, forming aminoacyl-tRNA complexes. Aminoacyl transferase binds AMP-aminoacid to tRNA. The coupling reaction...
glucogenic aminoacids (although not ketogenicaminoacids); from breakdown of lipids (such as triglycerides), they include glycerol, odd-chain fatty acids (although...
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