Ketogenesis pathway. The three ketone bodies (acetoacetate, acetone, and beta-hydroxy-butyrate) are marked within orange boxes
Ketogenesis is the biochemical process through which organisms produce ketone bodies by breaking down fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids.[1][2] The process supplies energy to certain organs, particularly the brain, heart and skeletal muscle, under specific scenarios including fasting, caloric restriction, sleep,[3] or others. (In rare metabolic diseases, insufficient gluconeogenesis can cause excessive ketogenesis and hypoglycemia, which may lead to the life-threatening condition known as non-diabetic ketoacidosis.)[4]
Ketone bodies are not obligately produced from fatty acids; rather a meaningful amount of them is synthesized only in a situation of carbohydrate and protein insufficiency, where only fatty acids are readily available as fuel for their production.[citation needed]
Recent evidence suggests that glial cells are ketogenic, supplying neurons with locally synthesized ketone bodies to sustain cognitive processes.[5]
^Cite error: The named reference Leucine metabolism was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference HMG-CoA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Aalling, Nadia Nielsen; Nedergaard, Maiken; DiNuzzo, Mauro (July 16, 2018). "Cerebral Metabolic Changes During Sleep". Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports. 18 (9): 57. doi:10.1007/s11910-018-0868-9. PMC 6688614. PMID 30014344.
^Fukao, Toshiyuki; Mitchell, Grant; Sass, Jörn Oliver; Hori, Tomohiro; Orii, Kenji; Aoyama, Yuka (8 April 2014). "Ketone body metabolism and its defects". Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 37 (4): 541–551. doi:10.1007/s10545-014-9704-9. PMID 24706027. S2CID 21840932.
^Silva, Bryon; Mantha, Olivier L.; Schor, Johann; Pascual, Alberto; Plaçais, Pierre-Yves; Pavlowsky, Alice; Preat, Thomas (17 February 2022). "Glia fuel neurons with locally synthesized ketone bodies to sustain memory under starvation". Nature Metabolism. 4 (2): 213–224. doi:10.1038/s42255-022-00528-6. PMC 8885408. PMID 35177854.
carrying out ketogenesis, but they are not as effective at doing so. Ketogenesis occurs constantly in a healthy individual. Ketogenesis in healthy individuals...
in old age. Ketogenesis helped fuel the enlargement of the human brain during its evolution. It was previously proposed that ketogenesis is key to the...
and ketogenic amino acids. The formation of ketone bodies occurs via ketogenesis in the mitochondrial matrix of liver cells. Fatty acids can be released...
Ketolysis is the process of catabolizing ketones, the opposite of ketogenesis which is the process of synthesizing ketones. Ketolysis provides more energy...
acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate. These substances undergo a process called ketogenesis that produces ketone bodies like acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate,...
having the ability to form glucose. These products may still be used for ketogenesis or lipid synthesis. * Amino acids catabolized into both glucogenic and...
a maximum, causing a rapid breakdown of glycogen to glucose and fast ketogenesis . It was found that a subset of adults with type 1 diabetes took 4 times...
increases fatty acid oxidation to acetyl CoA, some of which is diverted to ketogenesis. This raises ketone levels significantly above what is seen in normal...
having the ability to form glucose: These products may still be used for ketogenesis or lipid synthesis. Amino acids catabolized into both glucogenic and...
ability Ketogenic amino acids do not. These products may still be used for ketogenesis or lipid synthesis. Some amino acids are catabolized into both glucogenic...
in section on Ketogenesis and ketoacidosis), the role of FFAR2 in this stimulation is unclear and requires further study. Ketogenesis is a condition...
β-oxidation of fatty acids fulfills the local energy needs and may lead to ketogenesis (creating ketone bodies out of fatty acids.) The ketone bodies are then...
an up-regulation of glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and ketogenesis. The body's glycogen stores are consumed in about 24 hours. In a normal...
especially important when liver glycogen is depleted, supports hepatic ketogenesis. The specific step catalyzed by MCAD involves the dehydrogenation of...
mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the second and rate-limiting reaction of ketogenesis, a metabolic pathway that provides lipid-derived energy for various organs...
states of energy deficiency, like starvation, through a process called ketogenesis, whose final products are aceto-acetate and β-Hydroxybutyrate. These...
of leptin to short-term fasting and refeeding in humans: a link with ketogenesis but not ketones themselves". Diabetes. 45 (11): 1511–1515. doi:10.2337/diab...
SGLT2 inhibitors enhance, rather than suppress, gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis. Because SGLT2 inhibitors activate sirtuin 1 (and thus PGC-1α and FGF21)...
Eaton, Simon, eds. (1999), Current views of fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis : from organelles to point mutations, vol. 466 (2nd ed.), New York, NY:...
0kcal/g. About 60% of ingested Leu is oxidized within a few hours ... Ketogenesis: A significant proportion (40% of an ingested dose) is converted into...
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