Not to be confused with Lectin, Lecithin, or Lepton.
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positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process
central nervous system neuron development
circadian rhythm
positive regulation of ion transport
angiogenesis
glucose metabolic process
positive regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway
positive regulation of hepatic stellate cell activation
regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
intestinal absorption
response to ethanol
negative regulation of autophagy
positive regulation of p38MAPK cascade
positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling
negative regulation of metabolic process
negative regulation of vasoconstriction
glucose homeostasis
regulation of insulin secretion
regulation of steroid biosynthetic process
insulin secretion
regulation of natural killer cell activation
regulation of fat cell differentiation
response to vitamin E
response to nutrient levels
bone mineralization involved in bone maturation
positive regulation of T cell proliferation
positive regulation of protein import into nucleus
regulation of brown fat cell differentiation
fatty acid beta-oxidation
regulation of metabolic process
hormone metabolic process
positive regulation of MAPK cascade
positive regulation of TOR signaling
cellular response to L-ascorbic acid
ovulation from ovarian follicle
activation of protein kinase C activity
sexual reproduction
negative regulation of cartilage development
response to nutrient
negative regulation of glutamine transport
leptin-mediated signaling pathway
bile acid metabolic process
female pregnancy
negative regulation of apoptotic process
cholesterol metabolic process
positive regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
negative regulation of appetite
regulation of protein localization to nucleus
regulation of blood pressure
negative regulation of glucose import
leukocyte tethering or rolling
negative regulation of lipid storage
adipose tissue development
positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway
bone growth
positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT
glycerol biosynthetic process
positive regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion
fatty acid catabolic process
regulation of gluconeogenesis
response to estradiol
intracellular signal transduction
adult feeding behavior
response to hypoxia
regulation of natural killer cell proliferation
eating behavior
positive regulation of cytokine production
regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response
regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity
response to activity
cellular response to leptin stimulus
regulation of cell cycle
regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity
positive regulation of fat cell apoptotic process
positive regulation of cell population proliferation
regulation of lipoprotein lipid oxidation
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling
signal transduction
regulation of bone remodeling
lipid metabolism
negative regulation of appetite by leptin-mediated signaling pathway
interleukin-12 production
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production
interleukin-6 production
response to insulin
tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein
phagocytosis
energy reserve metabolic process
positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein
regulation of signaling receptor activity
determination of adult lifespan
regulation of lipid biosynthetic process
positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis
aorta development
regulation of catalytic activity
elastin metabolic process
Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species
Human
Mouse
Entrez
3952
16846
Ensembl
ENSG00000174697
ENSMUSG00000059201
UniProt
P41159
P41160
RefSeq (mRNA)
NM_000230
NM_008493
RefSeq (protein)
NP_000221
NP_032519
Location (UCSC)
Chr 7: 128.24 – 128.26 Mb
Chr 6: 29.06 – 29.07 Mb
PubMed search
[3]
[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human
View/Edit Mouse
Leptin
Structure of the obese protein leptin-E100[5]
Identifiers
Symbol
Leptin
Pfam
PF02024
Pfam clan
CL0053
InterPro
IPR000065
SCOP2
1ax8 / SCOPe / SUPFAM
Available protein structures:
Pfam
structures / ECOD
PDB
RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsum
structure summary
PDB
1ax8
Leptin (from Greek λεπτός leptos, "thin" or "light" or "small") also obese protein[6] is a protein hormone predominantly made by adipocytes (cells of adipose tissue). Its primary role is likely to regulate long-term energy balance.[7]
As one of the major signals of energy status, leptin levels influence appetite, satiety, and motivated behaviors oriented towards the maintenance of energy reserves (e.g., feeding, foraging behaviors).
The amount of circulating leptin correlates with the amount of energy reserves, mainly triglycerides stored in adipose tissue. High leptin levels are interpreted by the brain that energy reserves are high, whereas low leptin levels indicate that energy reserves are low, in the process adapting the organism to starvation through a variety of metabolic, endocrine, neurobiochemical, and behavioral changes.[8]
Leptin is coded for by the LEP gene. Leptin receptors are expressed by a variety of brain and peripheral cell types. These include cell receptors in the arcuate and ventromedial nuclei, as well as other parts of the hypothalamus and dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area, consequently mediating feeding.[9][10]
Although regulation of fat stores is deemed to be the primary function of leptin, it also plays a role in other physiological processes, as evidenced by its many sites of synthesis other than fat cells, and the many cell types beyond hypothalamic cells that have leptin receptors. Many of these additional functions are yet to be fully defined.[11][12][13][14][15][16]
In obesity, a decreased sensitivity to leptin occurs (similar to insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes), resulting in an inability to detect satiety despite high energy stores and high levels of leptin.[17]
^ abcGRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000174697 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ abcGRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000059201 – Ensembl, May 2017
^"Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^"Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^Zhang F, Basinski MB, Beals JM, Briggs SL, Churgay LM, Clawson DK, et al. (May 1997). "Crystal structure of the obese protein leptin-E100". Nature. 387 (6629): 206–209. Bibcode:1997Natur.387..206Z. doi:10.1038/387206a0. PMID 9144295. S2CID 716518.
^"LEP - Leptin precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - LEP gene & protein". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
^Al-Hussaniy HA, Alburghaif AH, Naji MA (2021). "Leptin hormone and its effectiveness in reproduction, metabolism, immunity, diabetes, hopes and ambitions". Journal of Medicine and Life. 14 (5): 600–605. doi:10.25122/jml-2021-0153. PMC 8742898. PMID 35027962.
^Hebebrand J, Hildebrandt T, Schlögl H, Seitz J, Denecke S, Vieira D, et al. (October 2022). "The role of hypoleptinemia in the psychological and behavioral adaptation to starvation: Implications for anorexia nervosa". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 141: 104807. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104807. PMID 35931221. S2CID 251259742.
^Brennan AM, Mantzoros CS (June 2006). "Drug Insight: the role of leptin in human physiology and pathophysiology--emerging clinical applications". Nature Clinical Practice. Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2 (6): 318–327. doi:10.1038/ncpendmet0196. PMID 16932309. S2CID 13118779.
^Bouret S, Levin BE, Ozanne SE (January 2015). "Gene-environment interactions controlling energy and glucose homeostasis and the developmental origins of obesity". Physiological Reviews. 95 (1): 47–82. doi:10.1152/physrev.00007.2014. PMC 4281588. PMID 25540138.
^Cite error: The named reference pmid7624777 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference pmid7624778 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference pmid7624776 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference pmid7584987 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Considine RV, Considine EL, Williams CJ, Nyce MR, Magosin SA, Bauer TL, et al. (June 1995). "Evidence against either a premature stop codon or the absence of obese gene mRNA in human obesity". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 95 (6): 2986–2988. doi:10.1172/JCI118007. PMC 295988. PMID 7769141.
^Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, Kriauciunas A, Stephens TW, Nyce MR, et al. (February 1996). "Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans". The New England Journal of Medicine. 334 (5): 292–295. doi:10.1056/NEJM199602013340503. PMID 8532024.
^Pan H, Guo J, Su Z (May 2014). "Advances in understanding the interrelations between leptin resistance and obesity". Physiology & Behavior. 130: 157–169. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.04.003. PMID 24726399. S2CID 12502104.
Leptin (from Greek λεπτός leptos, "thin" or "light" or "small") also obese protein is a protein hormone predominantly made by adipocytes (cells of adipose...
Leptin receptor, also known as LEP-R or OB-R, is a type I cytokine receptor, a protein that in humans is encoded by the LEPR gene. LEP-R functions as a...
Teleost leptins are a family of peptide hormones found in fish (teleostei) that are orthologs of the mammalian hormone leptin. The teleost and mammalian...
Maria Leptin (born 1954) is a German developmental biologist and immunologist, and the current President of the European Research Council. She was the...
recognized as a major endocrine organ, as it produces hormones such as leptin, estrogen, resistin, and cytokines (especially TNFα). In obesity, adipose...
to the discovery of leptin, she analyzed leptin concentrations of the mice in the parabiotic experiments. After injecting leptin into each pair's obese...
the brand name Myalept among others, is a synthetic analog of the hormone leptin used to treat various forms of dyslipidemia. It has been approved in Japan...
and leptin are released from the stomach and adipose cells, respectively, into the blood stream. Ghrelin stimulates feelings of hunger, whereas leptin stimulates...
environmental risk factors. Monogenetic obesity mostly affects the hypothalamus and leptin–melanocortin system (see hypothalamic obesity). However, it accounts for...
mutations in the leptin gene in humans with obesity. On the contrary, leptin expression was increased, proposing the possibility of leptin-resistance in...
the face). This condition is also characterized by a lack of circulating leptin which may lead to osteosclerosis. The absence of fat tissue is associated...
mutations in the leptin gene in humans with obesity. On the contrary Leptin expression was increased proposing the possibility of Leptin-resistance in human...
part by leptin. Leptin inhibits the NPY/AgRP group while stimulating the POMC/CART group. Thus a deficiency in leptin signaling, either via leptin deficiency...
leptin has been observed as a growth factor in breast tissue. Increased leptin levels have been observed in some cases of PT. The increase in leptin levels...
modulating leptin's actions outside of waking hours, may contribute to the restoration of leptin sensitivity during daytime, thereby counteracting leptin resistance...
fertility and human development whose work was instrumental in the discovery of leptin. She researched infertility and discovered that low body fat is a contributing...
mechanisms, ranging from hormonal regulation to neural signaling. Ghrelin, leptin, and peptide YY are among the hormones involved in appetite control. Additionally...
Leptin might be the cause of the GnRH rise. Leptin has receptors in the hypothalamus which synthesizes GnRH. Individuals who are deficient in leptin fail...
All hormones secreted by the pituitary gland are peptide hormones, as are leptin from adipocytes, ghrelin from the stomach, and insulin from the pancreas...
hormones, myokines and adipokines (i.e. leptin and adiponectin) in human physiology and pathophysiology. Leptin has subsequently been approved by the Food...
Hany A.; AL-Biati, Haedar A (2022). "The Role of Leptin Hormone, Neuropeptide Y, Ghrelin and Leptin/Ghrelin ratio in Obesogenesis". Medical and Pharmaceutical...
abnormal. Leptin-sensitive, glucose regulating neurons become resistant to leptin during aging or during exposure to a high-fat diet. These leptin-resistant...
co-discovery at Rockefeller University of the hormone leptin, and cloning of the leptin and leptin receptor genes, has had a major role in the area of understanding...
secrete many proteins acting as adipokines such as resistin, adiponectin, leptin and apelin. An average human adult has 30 billion fat cells with a weight...
Global Information
