Incretins are a group of metabolic hormones that stimulate a decrease in blood glucose levels. Incretins are released after eating and augment the secretion of insulin released from pancreatic beta cells of the islets of Langerhans by a blood-glucose–dependent mechanism.[1]
Some incretins (GLP-1) also inhibit glucagon release from the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans. In addition, they slow the rate of absorption of nutrients into the blood stream by reducing gastric emptying and may directly reduce food intake. The two main candidate peptides that fulfill criteria for an incretin are the intestinal peptides glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP, also known as: glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide). GIP is produced and secreted into the blood circulation by K cells, i.e., single cells located in the mucosa of the upper gastrointestinal tract's duodenum and upper jejunum while GLP1 is produced and secreted into the blood by L cells located in the mucosa of the lower gastrointestinal tracts small and large intestines.[1][2] Short-chain fatty acids (primarily acetic, propionic, and butyric acids), which microganisms form in the intestines, bind to the FFAR2 and FFAR3 receptors on K cells and L cells to stimulate their respective production and secretion of GIP[3] and GLP-1.[4] Both GLP-1 and GIP are rapidly inactivated by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) and are members of the glucagon peptide superfamily.[5][6][7]
^ abNauck MA, Meier JJ (February 2018). "Incretin hormones: Their role in health and disease". Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 20 (Suppl 1): 5–21. doi:10.1111/dom.13129. PMID 29364588.
^Jorsal T, Rhee NA, Pedersen J, Wahlgren CD, Mortensen B, Jepsen SL, Jelsing J, Dalbøge LS, Vilmann P, Hassan H, Hendel JW, Poulsen SS, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK (February 2018). "Enteroendocrine K and L cells in healthy and type 2 diabetic individuals". Diabetologia. 61 (2): 284–294. doi:10.1007/s00125-017-4450-9. PMID 28956082.
^Iwasaki K, Harada N, Sasaki K, Yamane S, Iida K, Suzuki K, Hamasaki A, Nasteska D, Shibue K, Joo E, Harada T, Hashimoto T, Asakawa Y, Hirasawa A, Inagaki N (March 2015). "Free fatty acid receptor GPR120 is highly expressed in enteroendocrine K cells of the upper small intestine and has a critical role in GIP secretion after fat ingestion". Endocrinology. 156 (3): 837–46. doi:10.1210/en.2014-1653. hdl:2433/215430. PMID 25535828.
^Kim YA, Keogh JB, Clifton PM (June 2018). "Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and insulin sensitivity". Nutrition Research Reviews. 31 (1): 35–51. doi:10.1017/S095442241700018X. PMID 29037268.
^Drucker DJ, Nauck MA (November 2006). "The incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes". Lancet. 368 (9548): 1696–705. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69705-5. PMID 17098089. S2CID 25748028.
^Amori RE, Lau J, Pittas AG (July 2007). "Efficacy and safety of incretin therapy in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis". JAMA. 298 (2): 194–206. doi:10.1001/jama.298.2.194. PMID 17622601.
^Rang HP, Ritter JM, Flower R, Henderson G (2016). Rang and Dale's Pharmacology (8th ed.). United Kingdom: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. p. 385. ISBN 9780702053627. OCLC 903083639.
Incretins are a group of metabolic hormones that stimulate a decrease in blood glucose levels. Incretins are released after eating and augment the secretion...
Incretin mimetic can refer to any drug that mimics the actions of one or more incretin hormones. They are used for type 2 diabetes. Specific incretin...
is a weak inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, its main role, being an incretin, is to stimulate insulin secretion. GIP, along with glucagon-like peptide-1...
agencies agree that assertions concerning a causal association between incretin-based drugs and pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer, as expressed recently...
sugar metabolized. Incretins are also insulin secretagogues. The two main candidate molecules that fulfill criteria for being an incretin are glucagon-like...
glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 receptor agonist) also known as incretin mimetics. It works by increasing insulin release from the pancreas and...
glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 receptor agonist) also known as incretin mimetics. It works by increasing insulin release from the pancreas and...
inhibitory peptide, an incretin. To try to identify whether a specific fragment of GLP-1 was an incretin, Mojsov created an incretin-antibody and developed...
an incretin, which also promotes triglyceride storage. K cells are mostly found in the duodenum. L cells secrete glucagon-like peptide-1, an incretin, peptide...
is an enzyme that breaks down incretin hormones. As a DPP-4 inhibitor, saxagliptin slows down the breakdown of incretin hormones, increasing the level...
the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4). This enzyme breaks down the incretins GLP-1 and GIP, gastrointestinal hormones released in response to a meal...
Liu J, Li L, Deng K, Xu C, Busse JW, Vandvik PO, et al. (June 2017). "Incretin based treatments and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: systematic...
that inhibit the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) that inactivates incretins such as GLP-1 and GIP (sitagliptin), agents that make the body more sensitive...
that responses to incoming glucose during digestion play a role in the incretin amplification of insulin secretion during a meal, or in the generation...
The glucose content of the blood is regulated by the hormones insulin, incretin and glucagon. Insulin lowers the glucose level, glucagon increases it....
No excessive insulin resistance (e.g. as measured by HOMA-IR). Impaired incretin (e.g. GIP) or pancreatic polypeptide secretion. Low serum levels of lipid...
that affect digestion and satiety. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin released by the duodenum that inhibits relaxation of the stomach. This...
School. Habener worked with Svetlana Mojsov on elucidating the role of incretin hormones such as Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and Glucagon-like peptide-2...
secretion by simulating activation of the body's endogenous incretin system. The incretin system acts as an insulin secretion amplifying pathway. DPP-4...
cells, particularly sulphonylureas, which act directly on beta cells; incretins which replicate the action of the hormones glucagon-like peptide 1, increasing...
March 2013, a debate emerged in which scientists questioned whether the incretin class of diabetic medications – the class to which Victoza belongs – had...
Eight - Using the Lymph Fistula Rat Model to Study Incretin Secretion", Vitamins & Hormones, Incretins and Insulin Secretion, 84, Academic Press: 221–249...
Global Information