Group of endocrine diseases characterized by high blood sugar levels
This article is about the common insulin disorder. For the urine hyper-production disorder, see Diabetes insipidus. For other uses, see Diabetes (disambiguation).
Medical condition
Diabetes mellitus
Universal blue circle symbol for diabetes[1]
Pronunciation
/ˌdaɪ.əˈbiːtiːz,-tɪs/
Specialty
Endocrinology
Symptoms
Frequent urination
Increased thirst
Increased hunger
Complications
Metabolic imbalances
Cardiovascular diseases
Nerve and brain damage
Kidney failure
Gastrointestinal changes[2][3][4][5]
Duration
Remission may occur, but diabetes is often life-long
Types
Type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes
Gestational diabetes
Causes
Insulin insufficiency or gradual resistance
Risk factors
Type 1: genetics and environmental factors[6]
Type 2: Obesity, lack of exercise, genetics,[2][6]
Diagnostic method
High blood sugar
Increased HbA1c[2]
Treatment
Lifestyle changes
Diabetes medication[2]
Medication
Insulin
Anti-hyperglycaemics[2][7][8]
Frequency
463 million (8.8%)[9]
Deaths
4.2 million (2019)[9]
Diabetes mellitus, often known simply as diabetes, is a group of common endocrine diseases characterized by sustained high blood sugar levels.[10][11] Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin, or the cells of the body becoming unresponsive to the hormone's effects.[12] Classic symptoms include thirst, polyuria, weight loss, and blurred vision. If left untreated, the disease can lead to various health complications, including disorders of the cardiovascular system, eye, kidney, and nerves.[3] Untreated or poorly treated diabetes accounts for approximately 1.5 million deaths every year.[10]
The major types of diabetes are type 1 and type 2, though other forms also exist. The most common treatment for type 1 is insulin replacement therapy (insulin injections), while anti-diabetic medications (such as metformin and semaglutide) and lifestyle modifications can be used to manage type 2. Gestational diabetes, a form that arises during pregnancy in some women, normally resolves shortly after delivery.
As of 2021, an estimated 537 million people had diabetes worldwide accounting for 10.5% of the adult population, with type 2 making up about 90% of all cases. It is estimated that by 2045, approximately 783 million adults, or 1 in 8, will be living with diabetes, representing a 46% increase from the current figures.[13] The prevalence of the disease continues to increase, most dramatically in low- and middle-income nations.[14] Rates are similar in women and men, with diabetes being the seventh leading cause of death globally.[15][16] The global expenditure on diabetes-related healthcare is an estimated US$760 billion a year.[17]
^"Diabetes Blue Circle Symbol". International Diabetes Federation. 17 March 2006. Archived from the original on 5 August 2007.
^ abcde"Diabetes". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
^ abKitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Miles JM, Fisher JN (July 2009). "Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes". Diabetes Care. 32 (7): 1335–1343. doi:10.2337/dc09-9032. PMC 2699725. PMID 19564476. Archived from the original on 2016-06-25.
^Krishnasamy S, Abell TL (July 2018). "Diabetic Gastroparesis: Principles and Current Trends in Management". Diabetes Therapy. 9 (Suppl 1): 1–42. doi:10.1007/s13300-018-0454-9. PMC 6028327. PMID 29934758.
^Saedi E, Gheini MR, Faiz F, Arami MA (September 2016). "Diabetes mellitus and cognitive impairments". World Journal of Diabetes. 7 (17): 412–422. doi:10.4239/wjd.v7.i17.412. PMC 5027005. PMID 27660698.
^ ab"Causes of Diabetes - NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. June 2014. Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
^Cite error: The named reference AFP09 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Brutsaert EF (February 2017). "Drug Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus". MSDManuals.com. Archived from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
^ ab"IDF DIABETES ATLAS Ninth Edition 2019" (PDF). www.diabetesatlas.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
^ ab"Diabetes". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
^"Diabetes Mellitus (DM) - Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders". MSD Manual Consumer Version. Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
^"Facts & figures". International Diabetes Federation. Archived from the original on 2023-08-10. Retrieved 2023-08-10.
^De Silva AP, De Silva SH, Haniffa R, Liyanage IK, Jayasinghe S, Katulanda P, et al. (April 2018). "Inequalities in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its risk factors in Sri Lanka: a lower middle income country". International Journal for Equity in Health. 17 (1): 45. doi:10.1186/s12939-018-0759-3. PMC 5905173. PMID 29665834.
^Cite error: The named reference Vos2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"The top 10 causes of death". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 24 September 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
^Bommer C, Sagalova V, Heesemann E, Manne-Goehler J, Atun R, Bärnighausen T, et al. (May 2018). "Global Economic Burden of Diabetes in Adults: Projections From 2015 to 2030". Diabetes Care. 41 (5): 963–970. doi:10.2337/dc17-1962. PMID 29475843. S2CID 3538441.
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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a type of metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. It is caused by either defected insulin secretion or damaged biological...
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