Hydrogen gas is produced by several industrial methods. Nearly all of the world's current supply of hydrogen is created from fossil fuels.[1][2]: 1 Most hydrogen is gray hydrogen made through steam methane reforming. In this process, hydrogen is produced from a chemical reaction between steam and methane, the main component of natural gas. Producing one tonne of hydrogen through this process emits 6.6–9.3 tonnes of carbon dioxide.[3] When carbon capture and storage is used to remove a large fraction of these emissions, the product is known as blue hydrogen.[4]
Green hydrogen is usually understood to be produced from renewable electricity via electrolysis of water.[5][6] Less frequently, definitions of green hydrogen include hydrogen produced from other low-emission sources such as biomass.[7] Producing green hydrogen is currently more expensive than producing gray hydrogen, and the efficiency of energy conversion is inherently low.[8] Other methods of hydrogen production include biomass gasification, methane pyrolysis, and extraction of underground hydrogen.[9]
As of 2023, less than 1% of dedicated hydrogen production is low-carbon, i.e. blue hydrogen, green hydrogen, and hydrogen produced from biomass.[10]
In 2020, roughly 87 million tons of hydrogen was produced[11] worldwide for various uses, such as oil refining, in the production of ammonia through the Haber process, and in the production of methanol through reduction of carbon monoxide. The global hydrogen generation market was fairly valued at US$155 billion in 2022, and expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 9.3% from 2023 to 2030.[12]
^Reed, Stanley; Ewing, Jack (13 July 2021). "Hydrogen Is One Answer to Climate Change. Getting It Is the Hard Part". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
^Rosenow, Jan (27 September 2022). "Is heating homes with hydrogen all but a pipe dream? An evidence review". Joule. 6 (10): 2225–2228. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2022.08.015. ISSN 2542-4785. S2CID 252584593. Article in press.
^Bonheure, Mike; Vandewalle, Laurien A.; Marin, Guy B.; Van Geem, Kevin M. (March 2021). "Dream or Reality? Electrification of the Chemical Process Industries". CEP Magazine. American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
^Griffiths, Steve; Sovacool, Benjamin K.; Kim, Jinsoo; Bazilian, Morgan; et al. (2021). "Industrial decarbonization via hydrogen: A critical and systematic review of developments, socio-technical systems and policy options" (PDF). Energy Research & Social Science. 80: 39. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2021.102208. ISSN 2214-6296. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
^Squadrito, Gaetano; Maggio, Gaetano; Nicita, Agatino (2023-11-01). "The green hydrogen revolution". Renewable Energy. 216: 119041. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2023.119041. ISSN 0960-1481.
^Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Squadrito, Gaetano; Maggio, Gaetano; Nicita, Agatino (2023-11-01). "The green hydrogen revolution". Renewable Energy. 216: 119041. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2023.119041. ISSN 0960-1481.
^Evans, Simon; Gabbatiss, Josh (30 November 2020). "In-depth Q&A: Does the world need hydrogen to solve climate change?". Carbon Brief. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
^"Natural Hydrogen: A Potential Clean Energy Source Beneath Our Feet". Yale E360. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
^"Hydrogen". IEA. 10 July 2023. "Energy" section. Retrieved 2023-09-21.
^Collins, Leigh (2021-05-18). "A net-zero world 'would require 306 million tonnes of green hydrogen per year by 2050': IEA | Recharge". Recharge | Latest renewable energy news. Archived from the original on 2021-05-21.
underground hydrogen. As of 2023, less than 1% of dedicated hydrogenproduction is low-carbon, i.e. blue hydrogen, green hydrogen, and hydrogen produced...
Fermentative hydrogenproduction is the fermentative conversion of organic substrates to H2. Hydrogen produced in this manner is often called biohydrogen...
sometimes called dihydrogen, but more commonly called hydrogen gas, molecular hydrogen or simply hydrogen. It is colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic...
Green hydrogen (GH2 or GH2) is hydrogen produced by the electrolysis of water, using renewable electricity. Production of green hydrogen causes significantly...
are not available. In this context, hydrogen economy encompasses the production of hydrogen and the use of hydrogen in ways that contribute to phasing-out...
quantities great enough, to compete with hydrogenproduction using natural gas. Vehicles running on hydrogen technology benefit from a long range on a...
In a hydrogen economy some hydrogenproduction could be diverted to feedstock use. For example, in 2002, Iceland produced 2,000 tons of hydrogen gas by...
A hydrogen infrastructure is the infrastructure of hydrogen pipeline transport, points of hydrogenproduction and hydrogen stations (sometimes clustered...
water into oxygen (O 2) and hydrogen (H 2) gas by electrolysis. Hydrogen gas released in this way can be used as hydrogen fuel, but must be kept apart...
energy source. Besides the promising possibilities of biological hydrogenproduction, many challenges characterize this technology. First challenges include...
ferrosilicon may slowly produce hydrogen. The reaction, which is accelerated in the presence of base, is used for hydrogenproduction. The melting point and density...
The compound hydrogen chloride has the chemical formula HCl and as such is a hydrogen halide. At room temperature, it is a colorless gas, which forms white...
Hydrogen technologies are technologies that relate to the production and use of hydrogen as a part hydrogen economy. Hydrogen technologies are applicable...
Earth, hydrogenproduction poses a potentially scalable process for fuel generation. This is an alternative to steam methane reforming for hydrogen production...
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H2O2. In its pure form, it is a very pale blue liquid that is slightly more viscous than water...
compound with the chemical formula CH4 (one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms). It is a group-14 hydride, the simplest alkane, and the main constituent...
A hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle (HICEV) is a type of hydrogen vehicle using an internal combustion engine. Hydrogen internal combustion...
demand. While large amounts of hydrogen are produced by various industries, it is mostly consumed at the site of production, notably for the synthesis of...
the site of the hydrogenproduction, where hydrogen is typically derived from reformed natural gas. Transporting and storing hydrogen may also create...
biological hydrogenproduction or photolysis, but at present, steam reforming of natural gas is the most economical means of mass-producing hydrogen. The choice...
natural gas is the feedstock. The main purpose of this technology is hydrogenproduction. The reaction is represented by this equilibrium: CH 4 + H 2 O ↽...
Hydrogen safety covers the safe production, handling and use of hydrogen, particularly hydrogen gas fuel and liquid hydrogen. Hydrogen possesses the NFPA...
Natural hydrogen (known as white hydrogen, geologic hydrogen or gold hydrogen), is hydrogen that is formed by natural processes (as opposed to hydrogen produced...
This is a timeline of the history of hydrogen technology. c. 1520 – First recorded observation of hydrogen by Paracelsus through dissolution of metals...
used as hydrogen fuel storage medium. A study conducted in 1976 found an order-of-magnitude estimate can be made of the average hydrogenproduction rate...
200800320. PMID 18393267. G. Laurenczy, C. Fellay, P. J. Dyson, Hydrogenproduction from formic acid. PCT Int. Appl. (2008), 36pp. CODEN: PIXXD2 WO 2008047312...
Slush hydrogen is a combination of liquid hydrogen and solid hydrogen at the triple point with a lower temperature and a higher density than liquid hydrogen...
Hydrogen cyanide (once known as prussic acid) is a chemical compound with the formula HCN and structural formula H−C≡N. It is a highly toxic and flammable...
create the UK's first network of hydrogenproduction plants. To advance hydrogen projects, Bamford started HYCAP, a hydrogen investment fund. He raised more...
or ceramic, electrolyte to produce hydrogen gas (and/or carbon monoxide) and oxygen. The production of pure hydrogen is compelling because it is a clean...
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