Method for producing hydrogen and carbon monoxide from hydrocarbon fuels
Not to be confused with catalytic reforming.
Illustrating inputs and outputs of steam reforming of natural gas, a process to produce hydrogen and CO2 greenhouse gas that may be captured with CCS
Steam reforming or steam methane reforming (SMR) is a method for producing syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) by reaction of hydrocarbons with water. Commonly natural gas is the feedstock. The main purpose of this technology is hydrogen production. The reaction is represented by this equilibrium:[1]
The reaction is strongly endothermic (ΔHSR = 206 kJ/mol).
Hydrogen produced by steam reforming is termed 'grey hydrogen' when the waste carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere and 'blue hydrogen' when the carbon dioxide is (mostly) captured and stored geologically - see carbon capture and storage. Zero carbon 'green' hydrogen is produced by thermochemical water splitting, using solar thermal, low- or zero-carbon electricity or waste heat,[2] or electrolysis, using low- or zero-carbon electricity. Zero carbon emissions 'turquoise' hydrogen is produced by one-step methane pyrolysis of natural gas.[3]
Steam reforming of natural gas produces most of the world's hydrogen. Hydrogen is used in the industrial synthesis of ammonia and other chemicals.[4]
^Liu, Ke; Song, Chunshan; Subramani, Velu, eds. (2009). Hydrogen and Syngas Production and Purification Technologies. doi:10.1002/9780470561256. ISBN 9780470561256.
^Safari, Farid; Dincer, Ibrahim (2020). "A review and comparative evaluation of thermochemical water splitting cycles for hydrogen production". Energy Conversion and Management. 205: 112182. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112182. S2CID 214089650.
^Lumbers, Brock (2022). "Mathematical modelling and simulation of the thermo-catalytic decomposition of methane for economically improved hydrogen production". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 47 (7): 4265–4283. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.11.057. S2CID 244814932. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
^Crabtree, George W.; Dresselhaus, Mildred S.; Buchanan, Michelle V. (2004). The Hydrogen Economy(PDF) (Technical report).
Steamreforming or steam methane reforming (SMR) is a method for producing syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) by reaction of hydrocarbons with water...
is quite different from and not to be confused with the catalytic steamreforming process used industrially to produce products such as hydrogen, ammonia...
A methane reformer is a device based on steamreforming, autothermal reforming or partial oxidation and is a type of chemical synthesis which can produce...
reactant. Steam cracking of long chain hydrocarbons produces lower molecular weight hydrocarbons for fuel or other chemical applications. Steamreforming produces...
Fossil fuels are the dominant source of hydrogen, for example by steamreforming of natural gas. Other methods of hydrogen production include biomass...
"water-former". Today, the majority of hydrogen production occurs through steamreforming of natural gas, with a smaller portion derived from energy-intensive...
decreases entropy, complicating the process. Hydrogen is produced via steamreforming, followed by an iterative closed cycle to react hydrogen with nitrogen...
cars were built or rebuilt to run on wood gas). Syngas is produced by steamreforming or partial oxidation of natural gas or liquid hydrocarbons, or coal...
Carbon dioxide reforming (also known as dry reforming) is a method of producing synthesis gas (mixtures of hydrogen and carbon monoxide) from the reaction...
effect of oxygen partial pressure. Combined reforming is a combination of partial oxidation and steamreforming and is the last reaction that is used for...
crystal. The primary chemical reactions of methane are combustion, steamreforming to syngas, and halogenation. In general, methane reactions are difficult...
electricity generation, in some steam engines, and in processes such as steamreforming. There are three types of superheaters: radiant, convection, and separately...
In application, the SIT is used in the reformer sponge iron cycle (RESC) in combination with a steamreforming unit. The process has two modes, a reduction...
plants produce olefins by steam cracking of natural gas liquids like ethane and propane. Aromatics are produced by catalytic reforming of naphtha. Olefins and...
current industrial hydrogen production is from natural gas in the steamreforming process, or from the partial oxidation of coal or heavy hydrocarbons...
inexpensively from natural sources without using fossil fuels. In contrast, steamreforming usually or always uses a fossil fuel to obtain hydrogen. Photoelectrolysis...
small scale. A membrane reactor is a device where oxygen separation, steamreforming and POX is combined in a single step. In 1997 Argonne National Laboratory...
economy as this method of producing hydrogen fuel emits no CO2, unlike steamreforming from natural gas and then utilizing the water-gas shift reaction to...
treating gases with a high percentage of CO2 such as the offgas from the steamreforming process used in ammonia production or the flue gases from power plants...
could be used for further benefit or to produce more electricity with a steam turbine, increasing the efficiency to >80% using a Phosphoric acid fuel...
the future. SMR Steam methane reforming (SMR) another name for steamreformingSteamreformingSteamreforming (SR), hydrogen reforming or catalytic oxidation...
output, often with the addition of e.g. water steam to gasify residual carbonic solids, see Steamreforming. Specific types of pyrolysis include: Carbonization...
methanol reformer test for fuel-cell-powered light-duty vehicles, J. Power Sources 71 (1998) 288-293 Wiese, W. et al.: Methanol steamreforming in a fuel...
to remove trace amounts of CO from H2/CO/CO2 mixtures produced by steamreforming and water-gas shift. An ideal PROX catalyst preferentially oxidizes...
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