A human artificial chromosome (HAC) is a microchromosome that can act as a new chromosome in a population of human cells. That is, instead of 46 chromosomes, the cell could have 47 with the 47th being very small, roughly 6–10megabases (Mb) in size instead of 50–250Mb for natural chromosomes, and able to carry new genes introduced by human researchers. Ideally, researchers could integrate different genes that perform a variety of functions, including disease defense.
Alternative methods of creating transgenes, such as utilizing yeast artificial chromosomes and bacterial artificial chromosomes, lead to unpredictable problems. The genetic material introduced by these vectors not only leads to different expression levels, but the inserts also disrupt the original genome.[1] HACs differ in this regard, as they are entirely separate chromosomes. This separation from existing genetic material assumes that no insertional mutants would arise.[2] This stability and accuracy makes HACs preferable to other methods such as viral vectors, YACs, and BACs.[3] HACs allow for delivery of more DNA (including promoters and copy-number variation) than is possible with viral vectors.[4]
Yeast artificial chromosomes and bacterial artificial chromosomes were created before human artificial chromosomes, which were first developed in 1997. HACs are useful in expression studies as gene transfer vectors, as a tool for elucidating human chromosome function, and as a method for actively annotating the human genome.[5]
^Katoh M, Ayabe F, Norikane S, Okada T, Masumoto H, Horike S, Shirayoshi Y, Oshimura M (August 2004). "Construction of a novel human artificial chromosome vector for gene delivery". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 321 (2): 280–90. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.06.145. PMID 15358173.
^Grimes BR, Rhoades AA, Willard HF (June 2002). "Alpha-satellite DNA and vector composition influence rates of human artificial chromosome formation". Molecular Therapy. 5 (6): 798–805. doi:10.1006/mthe.2002.0612. PMID 12027565.
^Mejía JE, Willmott A, Levy E, Earnshaw WC, Larin Z (August 2001). "Functional complementation of a genetic deficiency with human artificial chromosomes". American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (2): 315–26. doi:10.1086/321977. PMC 1235305. PMID 11452360.
^Kouprina N, Earnshaw WC, Masumoto H, Larionov V (April 2013). "A new generation of human artificial chromosomes for functional genomics and gene therapy". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 70 (7): 1135–48. doi:10.1007/s00018-012-1113-3. PMC 3522797. PMID 22907415.
^Basu J, Compitello G, Stromberg G, Willard HF, Van Bokkelen G (July 2005). "Efficient assembly of de novo human artificial chromosomes from large genomic loci". BMC Biotechnology. 5: 21. doi:10.1186/1472-6750-5-21. PMC 1182356. PMID 15998466.
and 24 Related for: Human artificial chromosome information
A humanartificialchromosome (HAC) is a microchromosome that can act as a new chromosome in a population of human cells. That is, instead of 46 chromosomes...
Yeast artificialchromosomes (YACs) are genetically engineered chromosomes derived from the DNA of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae [1], which is then...
A bacterial artificialchromosome (BAC) is a DNA construct, based on a functional fertility plasmid (or F-plasmid), used for transforming and cloning...
selectable markers. Humanartificialchromosome may be potentially useful as a gene transfer vectors for gene delivery into human cells, and a tool for...
The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes in therian mammals and other organisms. Along with the X chromosome, it is part of the XY sex-determination...
A chromosome is a package of DNA with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes, the very long thin DNA fibers are coated...
23 chromosomes from each parent, giving it 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). The zygote then undergoes a defined development process that is known as human embryogenesis...
Cement (HAC), now known generally as Calcium aluminate cements Humanartificialchromosome Newey–West HAC estimator Hierarchical agglomerative clustering...
father was a chimpanzee. Chimpanzees and humans are closely related. Genetic animal hybrids with different chromosome numbers decrease the probability of viable...
holoprosencephaly homologous recombination homozygous humanartificialchromosome (HAC) Human Genome Project human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquired immunodeficiency...
duplicates of either of the sets of chromosomes carried in the parental diploid chromosomes but a mixture of the two. Artificial gametes, also known as in vitro...
society, humanchromosome structure and function, X-inactivation and mechanisms of gene silencing, and the first reported development of humanartificial chromosomes...
population maintaining a single artificialchromosome, are stored in various laboratories around the world. The artificialchromosomes (BAC) can be grown, extracted...
that harbor a single copy of humanartificialchromosome (HAC) carrying a limited number of genes from humanchromosome 21". Transgenic Research. 23 (2):...
application was filed on methods for creating human female sperm using artificial or natural Y chromosomes and testicular transplantation. Key to successful...
et al. (June 1996). "Construction and characterization of a human bacterial artificialchromosome library". Genomics. 34 (2): 213–8. doi:10.1006/geno.1996...
2 was formed from the joining of two other chromosomes, leaving humans with only 23 pairs of chromosomes, compared to 24 for the other apes. Following...
X-chromatin is an inactive X chromosome. In species with XY sex-determination (including humans), females typically have two X chromosomes, and one is rendered...
such as artificial insemination or in-vitro fertilization (IVF) to produce offspring of the desired sex - in farming animals but also in human medical...
sequence by analyzing the partial overlaps and gaps between yeast artificialchromosomes (YACs). Eventually, the linear sequence of the interested DNA regions...
usually have the diploid chromosome number. Depending on the mechanism involved in restoring the diploid number of chromosomes, parthenogenetic offspring...
will always give an X chromosome, whereas the male, depending on the situation, will either give an X chromosome or a Y chromosome. If a male offspring...
Global Information