Physical map is a technique used in molecular biology to find the order and physical distance between DNA base pairs by DNA markers.[1] It is one of the gene mapping techniques which can determine the sequence of DNA base pairs with high accuracy. Genetic mapping, another approach of gene mapping, can provide markers needed for the physical mapping. However, as the former deduces the relative gene position by recombination frequencies, it is less accurate than the latter.
Physical mapping uses DNA fragments and DNA markers to assemble larger DNA pieces. With the overlapping regions of the fragments,[2] researchers can deduce the positions of the DNA bases. There are different techniques to visualize the gene location, including somatic cell hybridization, radiation hybridization and in situ hybridization.[3]
The different approaches to physical mapping are available for analyzing different sizes of genome and achieving different levels of accuracy. Low- and high-resolution mapping are two classes for various resolution of genome, particularly for the investigation of chromosomes.[4] The three basic varieties of physical mapping are fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), restriction site mapping and sequencing by clones.[5]
The goal of physical mapping, as a common mechanism under genomic analysis, is to obtain a complete genome sequence in order to deduce any association between the target DNA sequence and phenotypic traits.[6] If the actual positions of genes which control certain phenotypes are known, it is possible to resolve genetic diseases by providing advice on prevention and developing new treatments.[5]
^Brown TA (2002). "Mapping Genomes". Genomes. Oxford: Wiley-Liss – via NCBI.
^Alizadeh, F.; Karp, R. M.; Weisser, D. K.; Zweig, G. (1995). "Physical Mapping of Chromosomes Using Unique Probes". Journal of Computational Biology. 2 (2): 159–184. doi:10.1089/cmb.1995.2.159. PMID 7497125. S2CID 13628080.
^Griffiths AJ, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, et al. (2000). "Mapping human genes by using human–rodent somatic cell hybrids". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^Strachan, T.; Read, Andrew P. (1999). Human molecular genetics 2 (2nd ed.). Singapore: J. Wiley. ISBN 978-0471330615. OCLC 154500424.
^ abReilly, Cavan. (2009). Statistics in human genetics and molecular biology. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781420072631. OCLC 318585618.
^Liu, Ben-Hui (1998). Statistical genomics: linkage, mapping, and QTL analysis. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0849331664. OCLC 36423381.
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