The asexual, all-female whiptail species Aspidoscelis neomexicanus (center), which reproduces via parthenogenesis, is shown flanked by two sexual species having males, A. inornatus (left) and A. tigris (right), which naturally hybridized to form A. neomexicanus.
Parthenogenesis (/ˌpɑːrθɪnoʊˈdʒɛnɪsɪs,-θɪnə-/;[1][2]
from the Greek παρθένος, parthénos, 'virgin' + γένεσις, génesis, 'creation'[3])
is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of an embryo occur directly from an egg, without need for fertilisation.[4][5]
In animals, parthenogenesis means development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell. In plants, parthenogenesis is a component process of apomixis. In algae, parthenogenesis can mean the development of an embryo from either an individual sperm or an individual egg.[4]
Parthenogenesis occurs naturally in some plants, algae, invertebrate animal species (including nematodes, some tardigrades, water fleas, some scorpions, aphids, some mites, some bees, some Phasmatodea, and parasitic wasps), and a few vertebrates (such as some fish,[6] amphibians, reptiles,[7][8][9]
and birds[10][11][12]).
This type of reproduction has been induced artificially in a number of animal species that naturally reproduce through sex, including fish, amphibians, and mice.[13][14]
Normal egg cells form in the process of meiosis and are haploid, with half as many chromosomes as their mother's body cells. Haploid individuals, however, are usually non-viable, and parthenogenetic offspring usually have the diploid chromosome number. Depending on the mechanism involved in restoring the diploid number of chromosomes, parthenogenetic offspring may have anywhere between all and half of the mother's alleles. In some types of parthenogenesis the offspring having all of the mother's genetic material are called full clones and those having only half are called half clones. Full clones are usually formed without meiosis. If meiosis occurs, the offspring will get only a fraction of the mother's alleles since crossing over of DNA takes place during meiosis, creating variation.
Parthenogenetic offspring in species that use either the XY or the X0 sex-determination system have two X chromosomes and are female. In species that use the ZW sex-determination system, they have either two Z chromosomes (male) or two W chromosomes (mostly non-viable but rarely a female), or they could have one Z and one W chromosome (female).
Parthenogenesis does not apply to isogamous species.[15]
^
"parthenogenesis". Oxford Dictionary OxfordDictionaries.com. English definition. Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
^ ab
Heesch, Svenja; Serrano-Serrano, Martha; Barrera-Redondo, Josué; Luthringer, Rémy; Peters, Akira F.; Destombe, Christophe; et al. (July 2021). "Evolution of life cycles and reproductive traits: Insights from the brown algae". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 34 (7): 992–1009. doi:10.1111/jeb.13880. ISSN 1010-061X. PMID 34096650. S2CID 92334399.
^
Preston, Elizabeth (13 February 2024). "Self-love is important, but we mammals are stuck with sex". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2024. Some female birds, reptiles, and other animals can make a baby on their own. But for mammals like us, eggs and sperm need each other.
^"Female Sharks Can Reproduce Alone, Researchers Find", The Washington Post, May 23, 2007; p. A02
^Halliday, Tim R. (1986). Kraig Adler (ed.). Reptiles & Amphibians. Torstar Books. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-920269-81-7.
^
Walker, Brian (11 November 2010). "Scientists discover unknown lizard species at lunch buffet". CNN. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
^
Allen, L.; Sanders, K.L.; Thomson, V.A. (February 2018). "Molecular evidence for the first records of facultative parthenogenesis in elapid snakes". Royal Society Open Science. 5 (2): 171901. Bibcode:2018RSOS....571901A. doi:10.1098/rsos.171901. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 5830781. PMID 29515892.
^
Savage, Thomas F. (11 February 2008) [12 September 2005]. A guide to the recognition of parthenogenesis in incubated turkey eggs (Report). Department of Animal Sciences. Oregon State University. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
^Cite error: The named reference Ryder-Thomas-etal-2021 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^
Ramachandran, R.; Nascimento dos Santos, M.; Parker, H.M.; McDaniel, C.D. (September 2018). "Parental sex effect of parthenogenesis on progeny production and performance of Chinese Painted Quail (Coturnix chinensis)". Theriogenology. 118: 96–102. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.05.027. PMID 29886358. S2CID 47008147.
^Cite error: The named reference Booth was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^
Wei Y, Yang CR, Zhao ZA (7 March 2022). "Viable offspring derived from single unfertilized mammalian oocytes". PNAS. 119 (12): e2115248119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11915248W. doi:10.1073/pnas.2115248119. PMC 8944925. PMID 35254875.
^Smith, John Maynard (1978). The Evolution of Sex. CUP Archive. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-521-21887-0.
Parthenogenesis (/ˌpɑːrθɪnoʊˈdʒɛnɪsɪs, -θɪnə-/; from the Greek παρθένος, parthénos, 'virgin' + γένεσις, génesis, 'creation') is a natural form of asexual...
Parthenogenesis is a mode of asexual reproduction in which offspring are produced by females without the genetic contribution of a male. Among all the...
facultative parthenogenesis; they are capable of switching from a sexual mode of reproduction to an asexual mode. The type of parthenogenesis that likely...
Thelytoky (from the Greek thēlys "female" and tokos "birth") is a type of parthenogenesis and is the absence of mating and subsequent production of all female...
is common for neck-biting to occur while the snakes are entwined. Parthenogenesis is a natural form of reproduction in which growth and development of...
facultative parthenogenesis, that is, they are capable of switching from a sexual mode of reproduction to an asexual mode. The type of parthenogenesis that likely...
Parthenogenesis is a form of reproduction where eggs develop without fertilization, resulting in unisexual species. This phenomenon is closely related...
populations are almost exclusively female, and it reproduces through parthenogenesis, having evolved several clonal strains from its sexual progenitor P...
with "apomixis", and both refer to the formation of sporophytes by parthenogenesis of gametophyte cells. Male apomixis (paternal apomixis) involves replacement...
that allow them to breed independently or to join unrelated groups. Parthenogenesis is a natural form of reproduction in which growth and development of...
young nymphs that somewhat resemble adults. Many aphids are capable of parthenogenesis, producing young from unfertilised eggs; this helps them to reproduce...
Like most other Daphnia species, D. pulex reproduces by cyclical parthenogenesis, alternating between sexual and asexual reproduction. D. pulex occurs...
Wichita, Kansas, became the first zoo in the Americas to document parthenogenesis in Komodo dragons. The zoo has two adult female Komodo dragons, one...
Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization. In animals, parthenogenesis...
one to two weeks until the young finishes their first shed cycle. Parthenogenesis is a natural form of reproduction in which growth and development of...
differentiation). Parthenogenesis allows the all-female population to reproduce. This combination of interspecific hybridization and parthenogenesis exists as...
this reproduction of an organism by itself without a mate is known as parthenogenesis. In the field of biotechnology, cloning is the process of creating...
sometimes claimed to be the equivalent of parthenogenesis in animals. That is incorrect because parthenogenesis is a method of asexual reproduction, with...
species females can reproduce by themselves asexually, for example via parthenogenesis. Patterns of sexual reproduction include: Isogamous species with two...
entire lives. A few species of insects and crustaceans can reproduce by parthenogenesis, especially if conditions favor a "population explosion". However,...
polymorphism, paedomorphosis or peramorphosis, sexual dimorphism, parthenogenesis, and more rarely hermaphroditism. In haplodiploidy, which is a type...
products) that can then develop into female cockroaches. Eggs produced by parthenogenesis have lower viability than eggs produced by sexual reproduction. The...
take advantage of parthenogenesis, the creation of embryos without fertilization. Thelytoky is a particular form of parthenogenesis in which female embryos...
to carry out meiosis and have acquired the ability to reproduce by parthenogenesis. Meiosis does not occur in archaea or bacteria, which generally reproduce...
Organisms that normally reproduce sexually can also reproduce via parthenogenesis, wherein an unfertilised female gamete produces viable offspring. These...
asexually), and both meiotic and mitotic parthenogenesis. The genus Mesorhabditis exhibits an unusual form of parthenogenesis, in which sperm-producing males copulate...
fragmentation; budding, such as in Hydra and other cnidarians; or parthenogenesis, where fertile eggs are produced without mating, such as in aphids...
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