The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying, mapping and sequencing all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint. It started in 1990 and was completed in 2003.[1] It remains the world's largest collaborative biological project.[2] Planning for the project started after it was adopted in 1984 by the US government, and it officially launched in 1990. It was declared complete on April 14, 2003, and included about 92% of the genome.[3] Level "complete genome" was achieved in May 2021, with a remaining only 0.3% bases covered by potential issues.[4][5] The final gapless assembly was finished in January 2022.[6]
Funding came from the United States government through the National Institutes of Health (NIH) as well as numerous other groups from around the world. A parallel project was conducted outside the government by the Celera Corporation, or Celera Genomics, which was formally launched in 1998. Most of the government-sponsored sequencing was performed in twenty universities and research centres in the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany, and China,[7] working in the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (IHGSC).
The Human Genome Project originally aimed to map the complete set of nucleotides contained in a human haploid reference genome, of which there are more than three billion. The "genome" of any given individual is unique; mapping the "human genome" involved sequencing samples collected from a small number of individuals and then assembling the sequenced fragments to get a complete sequence for each of the 23 human chromosomes pairs (22 pairs of autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes, known as allosomes). Therefore, the finished human genome is a mosaic, not representing any one individual. Much of the project's utility comes from the fact that the vast majority of the human genome is the same in all humans.
^Robert Krulwich (2003). Cracking the Code of Life (Television Show). PBS.
^"Economic Impact of the Human Genome Project – Battelle" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
^"Human Genome Project Completion: Frequently Asked Questions". National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI).
The HumanGenomeProject (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and...
complete genome sequence will involve 46 separate chromosome sequences. The HumanGenomeProject is a well known example of a genomeproject. Genome assembly...
The HumanGenome Diversity Project (HGDP) was started by Stanford University's Morrison Institute in 1990s along with collaboration of scientists around...
The humangenome is a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA...
coordinating scientific body in response to initiatives such as the HumanGenomeProject. HUGO has four active committees, including the HUGO Gene Nomenclature...
GenomesProject (1KGP), taken place from January 2008 to 2015, was an international research effort to establish the most detailed catalogue of human...
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found in human DNA that were not fully uncovered by the original HumanGenomeProject study, scientists reported the first end-to-end humangenome sequence...
initial HumanGenomeProject. Reference genomes can be accessed online at several locations, using dedicated browsers such as Ensembl or UCSC Genome Browser...
described as "a logical conceptual and experimental extension of the HumanGenomeProject." In 2007 the HMP was listed on the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research...
(NCHGR), in 1989 to carry out the role of the NIH in the International HumanGenomeProject (HGP). The HGP was developed in collaboration with the United States...
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protein to DNA. The Ensembl project was launched in 1999 in response to the imminent completion of the HumanGenomeProject, with the initial goals of...
chromosome walking. This is the process that was initially used for the HumanGenomeProject, however due to stability issues, YACs were abandoned for the use...
The Personal GenomeProject (PGP) is a long term, large cohort study which aims to sequence and publicize the complete genomes and medical records of...
have gradually cooperated to prosecute research projects to determine DNA sequences of the humangenome using DNA sequencing techniques. The methods that...
businessman. He is known for leading one of the first draft sequences of the humangenome and assembled the first team to transfect a cell with a synthetic chromosome...
participate in the HumanGenomeProject, and went on to make the largest single contribution to the gold standard sequence of the humangenome. From its inception...
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from the humangenome. The Human Proteome Organization has served as a coordinating body for many long-running proteomics research projects associated...
Human Epigenome Project (HEP) is a multinational science project, with the stated aim to "identify, catalog, and interpret genome-wide DNA methylation...
earliest sequenced genomes of animals. For a more complete list, see the List of sequenced animal genomes. Genomeproject, Humangenome Genomic organization...
individuals. As of 2004, the human nucleotide diversity was estimated to be 0.1% to 0.4% of base pairs. In 2015, the 1000 GenomesProject, which sequenced one...
in the development of human cancers. Like The Cancer Genome Atlas project within the United States, the Cancer GenomeProject represents an effort in...
business unit. Celera sequenced the humangenome at a fraction of the cost of the publicly funded HumanGenomeProject (HGP), using about $300 million of...
computational biology, the HumanGenomeProject, officially began in 1990. By 2003, the project had mapped around 85% of the humangenome, satisfying its initial...
of DNA. Furthermore, in early April 2003 it was declared that the HumanGenomeProject was very close to complete, and "the remaining tiny gaps were considered...
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