Not to be confused with history of female circumcision.
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Circumcision likely has ancient roots among several ethnic groups in sub-equatorial Africa, Egypt, and Arabia, though the specific form and extent of circumcision has varied. Ritual male circumcision is known to have been practiced by South Sea Islanders, Aboriginal peoples of Australia, Sumatrans, Incas, Aztecs, Mayans and Ancient Egyptians.[1][2] Today it is still practiced by Jews, Muslims, Coptic Christians,[3][4][5] Ethiopian Orthodox,[3][6] Eritrean Orthodox,[3][7] Druze,[8][9] Samaritans and some tribes in East and Southern Africa, as well as in the United States, South Korea and Philippines.[1][10][11][12]
There are four types of circumcision.[1] As practiced in Judaism and in the United States, the foreskin is completely removed. However, in ancient Egypt and elsewhere in Africa, only part of the foreskin was removed. In the Pacific Islands, the frenulum was snipped but the foreskin was left unmodified.
Circumcision and/or subincision, often as part of an intricate coming of age ritual, was a common practice among the Aboriginal peoples of Australia and Pacific islanders at first contact with Western travellers. It is still practiced in the traditional way by a proportion of the population.[13][14]
In Judaism, circumcision has traditionally been practised on males on the eighth day after birth (after the First Temple era).[15] The Book of Genesis records circumcision as part of the Abrahamic covenant with Yahweh (God). Herodotus, writing in the 5th century BCE, lists first of all the Egyptians being the oldest people practicing circumcision, then Colchians, Ethiopians, Phoenicians, and Syrians as circumcising cultures. The writer of 1 Maccabees wrote that under the Seleucids, many Jewish men attempted to hide or reverse their circumcision so they could exercise in Greek gymnasia, where nudity was the norm. First Maccabees also relates that the Seleucids forbade the practice of brit milah (Jewish circumcision), and punished those who performed it, as well as the infants who underwent it, with death. (See I Maccabbees 1:60)
^ abcDoyle, D. (October 2005). "Ritual male circumcision: a brief history" (PDF). The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. 35 (3): 279–285. ISSN 1478-2715. PMID 16402509.
^Cohen, Jonathan (1 June 2011). "Male circumcision in the United States: The History, an analysis of the discourse, and a philosophical interpretation". College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations.
^ abcCite error: The named reference Christian was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Adams, Gregory; Adams, Kristina (2012). "Circumcision in the Early Christian Church: The Controversy That Shaped a Continent". In Bolnick, David A.; Koyle, Martin; Yosha, Assaf (eds.). Surgical Guide to Circumcision. London: Springer-Verlag. pp. 291–298. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-2858-8_26. ISBN 978-1-4471-2857-1.
^S. Ellwood, Robert (2008). The Encyclopedia of World Religions. Infobase Publishing. p. 95. ISBN 9781438110387. It is obligatory among Jews, Muslims, and Coptic Christians. Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant Christians do not require circumcision. Starting in the last half of the 19th century, however, circumcision also became common among Christians in Europe and especially in North America.
^"Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2007.
^DeMello, Margo (2007). Encyclopedia of Body Adornment. ABC-Clio. p. 66. ISBN 9780313336959. Coptic Christians, Ethiopian Orthodox, and Eritrean Orthodox churches on the other hand, do observe the ordainment, and circumcise their sons anywhere from the first week of life to the first few years.
^Ubayd, Anis (2006). The Druze and Their Faith in Tawhid. Syracuse University Press. p. 150. ISBN 9780815630975. Male circumcision is standard practice, by tradition, among the Druze
^Jacobs, Daniel (1998). Israel and the Palestinian Territories: The Rough Guide. Rough Guides. p. 147. ISBN 9781858282480. Circumcision is not compulsory and has no religious significance.
^Marck J (1997). "Aspects of male circumcision in sub-equatorial African culture history". Health Transition Review. 7 Suppl (supplement): 337–60. PMID 10173099.
^R. Peteet, John (2017). Spirituality and Religion Within the Culture of Medicine: From Evidence to Practice. Oxford University Press. pp. 97–101. ISBN 9780190272432. male circumcision is still observed among Ethiopian and Coptic Christians, and circumcision rates are also high today in the Philippines and the US.
^Morris, B. J.; Wamai, R. G.; Henebeng, E. B.; Tobian, A. A.; Klausner, J. D.; Banerjee, J.; Hankins, C. A. (2016). "Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision". National Center for Biotechnology Information. 14: 4. doi:10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5. PMC 4772313. PMID 26933388.
^Morrison J (January 1967). "The origins of the practices of circumcision and subincision among the Aboriginal peoples of Australia". The Medical Journal of Australia. 1 (3): 125–7. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1967.tb21064.x. PMID 6018441. S2CID 45886476.
^Afsari M, Beasley SW, Maoate K, Heckert K (March 2002). "Attitudes of Pacific parents to circumcision of boys". Pacific Health Dialog. 9 (1): 29–33. PMID 12737414.
^Gilad E. "Why Do Jews Circumcise Their Sons?". Haaretz.
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