The brit milah (Hebrew: בְּרִית מִילָה, Modern Israeli:[bʁitmiˈla], Ashkenazi:[bʁisˈmilə]; "covenant of circumcision") or bris (Yiddish: ברית, Yiddish:[bʁɪs]) is the ceremony of circumcision in Judaism and Samaritanism.[1] According to the Book of Genesis, God commanded the biblical patriarch Abraham to be circumcised, an act to be followed by his male descendants on the eighth day of life, symbolizing the covenant between God and the Jewish people.[1] Today, it is generally performed by a mohel on the eighth day after the infant's birth and is followed by a celebratory meal known as seudat mitzvah.[2]
Brit Milah is considered among the most important and central commandments in Judaism, and the rite has played a central role in the formation and history of Jewish civilization. The Talmud, when discussing the importance of Brit Milah, compares it to being equal to all other mitzvot (commandments) based on the gematria for brit of 612.[3] Jews who voluntarily fail to undergo Brit Milah, barring extraordinary circumstances, are believed to suffer Kareth in Jewish theology: the extinction of the soul and denial of a share in the world to come.[4][5][6][7] Judaism does not see circumcision as a universal moral law. Rather, the commandment is exclusive to followers of Judaism and the Jewish people; Gentiles who follow the Noahide Laws are believed to have a portion in the World to Come.[8]
Historical conflicts between Jews and European civilizations have occurred several times over Brit Milah, which saw multiple campaigns of Jewish ethnic, cultural, and religious persecution over the subject, with subsequent bans and restrictions on the practice as an attempted means of forceful assimilation, conversion, and ethnocide, most famously in the Maccabean Revolt by the Seleucid Empire.[7][9][10] According to historian Michael Livingston, "In Jewish history, the banning of circumcision (brit mila) has historically been a first step toward more extreme and violent forms of persecution".[10] These periods have generally been linked to suppression of Jewish religious, ethnic, and cultural identity and subsequent "punishment at the hands of government authorities for engaging in circumcision".[9] The Maccabee victory in the Maccabean Revolt — ending the prohibition against circumcision — is celebrated in Hanukkah.[7][11] Circumcision rates are near-universal among Jews.[12]
Brit Milah also has immense importance in other religions. The Gospel of Luke records that Mary and Joseph, the parents of Jesus, had him undergo Brit Milah.
^ abHirsch, Emil; Kohler, Kaufmann; Jacobs, Joseph; Friedenwald, Aaron; Broydé, Isaac (1906). "Circumcision: The Cutting Away". The Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 13, 2020. In order to prevent the obliteration of the "seal of the covenant" on the flesh, as circumcision was henceforth called, the Rabbis, probably after the war of Bar Kokba (see Yeb. l.c.; Gen. R. xlvi.), instituted the "peri'ah" (the laying bare of the glans), without which circumcision was declared to be of no value (Shab. xxx. 6).
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^Harlow, Daniel; Collins, John (2010). "Circumcision". The Eerdmans Dictionary of Early Judaism. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-4674-6609-7.
^Hamilton, Victor (1990). The Book of Genesis, Chapters 1-17. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 473. ISBN 978-0-8028-2521-6. In fact, circumcision is only one of two performative commands, the neglect of which bring the kareth penalty. (The other is the failure to be cleansed from corpse contamination, umb. 19:11-22.)
^Mark, Elizabeth (2003). "Frojmovic/Travelers to the Circumcision". The Covenant of Circumcision: New Perspectives on an Ancient Jewish Rite. Brandeis University Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-58465-307-3. Circumcision became the single most important commandment... the one without which... no Jew could attain the world to come.
^ abcRosner, Fred (2003). Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics. Feldheim Publishers. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-58330-592-8. Several eras in subsequent Jewish history were associated with forced conversions and with prohibitions against ritual circumcision... Jews endangered their lives during such times and exerted strenuous efforts to nullify such edicts. When they succeeded, they celebrated by declaring a holiday. Throughout most of history, Jews never doubted their obligation to observe circumcision... [those who attempted to reverse it or failed to perform the ritual were called] voiders of the covenant of Abraham our father, and they have no portion in the World to Come.
^Oliver, Isaac W. (2013-05-14). "Forming Jewish Identity by Formulating Legislation for Gentiles". Journal of Ancient Judaism. 4 (1): 105–132. doi:10.30965/21967954-00401005. ISSN 1869-3296.
^ abWilson, Robin (2018). The Contested Place of Religion in Family Law. Cambridge University Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-108-41760-0. Jews have a long history of suffering punishment at the hands of government authorities for engaging in circumcision. Muslims have also experienced suppression of their identities through suppression of this religious practice.
^ abLivingston, Michael (2021). Dreamworld or Dystopia: The Nordic Model and Its Influence in the 21st Century. Cambridge University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-108-75726-3. In Jewish history, the banning of circumcision (brit mila) has historically been a first step toward more extreme and violent forms of persecution.
^"What Is Hanukkah?". Chabad-Lubavitch Media Center. In the second century BCE, the Holy Land was ruled by the Seleucids (Syrian-Greeks), who tried to force the people of Israel to accept Greek culture and beliefs instead of mitzvah observance and belief in G‑d. Against all odds, a small band of faithful but poorly armed Jews, led by Judah the Maccabee, defeated one of the mightiest armies on earth, drove the Greeks from the land, reclaimed the Holy Temple in Jerusalem and rededicated it to the service of G‑d. ... To commemorate and publicize these miracles, the sages instituted the festival of Chanukah.
^Cohen-Almagor, Raphael (9 November 2020). "Should liberal government regulate male circumcision performed in the name of Jewish tradition?". SN Social Sciences. 1 (1): 8. doi:10.1007/s43545-020-00011-7. ISSN 2662-9283. S2CID 228911544. Protagonists and critics of male circumcision agree on some things and disagree on many others... They also do not underestimate the importance of male circumcision for the relevant communities.... Even the most critical voices of male circumcision do not suggest putting a blanket ban on the practice as they understand that such a ban, very much like the 1920–1933 prohibition laws in the United States, would not be effective... Protagonists and critics of male circumcision debate whether the practice is morally acceptable... They assign different weights to harm as well as to medical risks and to non-medical benefits. The different weights to risks and benefits conform to their underlying views about the practices... Protagonists and critics disagree about the significance of medical reasons for circumcision...
The britmilah (Hebrew: בְּרִית מִילָה, Modern Israeli: [bʁit miˈla], Ashkenazi: [bʁis ˈmilə]; "covenant of circumcision") or bris (Yiddish: ברית, Yiddish:...
מוֹהֲלָא mohala, "circumciser") is a Jewish man trained in the practice of britmilah, the "covenant of male circumcision". The equivalent for a woman circumciser...
mitzvah (commandment), such as a bar mitzvah, bat mitzvah, a wedding, a britmilah (ritual circumcision), or a siyum (completing a tractate of Talmud or...
Western world is often that the name from birth (or perhaps from baptism or britmilah) will persist to adulthood in the normal course of affairs—either throughout...
practiced today. At birkat hamazon concluding the celebratory meal of a britmilah (ritual circumcision), in the Eastern Ashkenazic rite, additional introductory...
hissing, inversion or pressure during restraint. The Jewish practice of britmilah, or circumcision of infant males, has been attacked in both ancient and...
Jewish britmilah (circumcision) ceremony, traditionally either by holding the baby boy on the knees or thighs while the mohel performs the britmilah, or...
unoccupied chair that is reserved during the Jewish ceremony of circumcision Britmilah, which according to tradition, is used by the prophet Elijah who participates...
invoked in other Jewish customs, among them the Passover Seder and the britmilah (ritual circumcision). He appears in numerous stories and references in...
8th day of the 4th month of the Chinese calendar. The religious rite of britmilah (commonly known as circumcision) is held on a baby boy's eighth day of...
First Maccabees also relates that the Seleucids forbade the practice of britmilah (Jewish circumcision), and punished those who performed it, as well as...
holds that males should be circumcised eight days after birth during a Britmilah ceremony, at which they are also given their name. The circumcision of...
such as at the inauguration of a Torah scroll (hachnasat sefer Torah), britmilah (circumcision), communal celebrations, weddings, bar mitzvah celebrations...
Canada Britmilah, the circumcision of a Jewish baby boy on the eighth day of life Brit (character), an Image Comics superhero and series Brit Stevenson...
vacht nacht or vakhnakht) or Brit Yitzchak (Hebrew: ברית יצחק, lit. 'covenant of Isaac') is the night before the britmilah of a male Jewish child, when...
choose to have a bar or bat mitzvah if they do not have them as children. Britmilah Confirmation Bar and bat meaning 'son of' and 'daughter of' respectively;...
proselytes and in turn their descendants and is signified through the britmilah (rite of circumcision). In the New Testament, the descent and promise...
affinity is mainly to mohels and rabbis of Orthodox Judaism (for their britmilah, bar mitzvah, and weddings), and in 2015 they comprised roughly one-third...
the chuppah is often painted or embroidered onto wimpels after a boy’s BritMilah ceremony. Here, the chuppah is a reference to a wish for the boy’s life...
castration. His successor, Antoninus Pius, altered the edict to permit BritMilah. During this period in history, Jewish circumcision called for the removal...
dessert is prepared by the Roman Jewish community on the occasion of a Britmilah (ceremony of circumcision). The name pizza is here to be understood not...
din) and, for men, circumcision (britmilah) or a symbolic circumcision for those already circumcised (hatafat dam brit).[citation needed] The requirements...
- are also sometimes eaten at other occasions, such as a wedding or a Britmilah, but without ritual. It is customary to begin the evening and day Sabbath...
meeting of the Beit Din and usually a BritMilah and a Tevilah, though the extent to which the practice of BritMilah is observed varies from country to...
b'nei mitzvah. The baby's name is traditionally announced during the britmilah (circumcision ceremony) for male babies, typically on the eighth day after...
performed by a mohel on the eighth day of life in a ceremony called a britmilah (or bris milah, colloquially simply bris), which means "Covenant of circumcision"...
kippah has two strings on each side to fasten it and is often used in a britmilah ceremony. The Israelites might have worn a headdress similar to that worn...