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Circumcision information


Circumcision
Circumcision surgery with hemostats and scissors
ICD-10-PCSZ41.2
ICD-9-CMV50.2
MeSHD002944
OPS-301 code5–640.2
MedlinePlus002998
eMedicine1015820
[edit on Wikidata]

Circumcision is a medical procedure that removes the foreskin from the human penis. In the most common form of the operation, the foreskin is extended with forceps, then a circumcision device may be placed, after which the foreskin is excised. Topical or locally injected anesthesia is generally used to reduce pain and physiologic stress.[1] The operation is commonly performed on infants. Circumcision is generally electively performed, most commonly as a form of preventive healthcare, as a religious obligation, or as a cultural practice.[2] It is also an option for cases of phimosis, other pathologies that do not resolve with other treatments, and chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs).[3][4] The procedure is contraindicated in cases of certain genital structure abnormalities or poor general health.[4][5]

Circumcision is one of the world's most common and oldest medical procedures.[2] It plays a major role in many of the world's cultures and religions, most prominently Judaism and Islam. Circumcision is among the most important commandments in Judaism.[6][7] The ceremony is known as a bris. Prophylactic usage originated in England during the 1850s and subsequently widely spread, becoming predominately established as a way to prevent sexually transmitted infections.[8][9] It is widespread in Australia, Canada, the United States, South Korea, most of Africa, and parts of Asia.[2] It is relatively rare for non-religious reasons in parts of Southern Africa, Latin America, Europe, and parts of Asia.[2] The origin of circumcision is not known with certainty; the oldest documentation comes from ancient Egypt.[2][10][11]

The procedure is associated with reduced rates of sexually transmitted infections[12] and urinary tract infections.[1][13][14] This includes reducing the incidence of cancer-causing forms of human papillomavirus (HPV) and significantly reducing HIV transmission among heterosexual men in high-risk populations;[15] its prophylactic efficacy against HIV transmission in the developed world or among men who have sex with men is debated.[16][17][18] Neonatal circumcision decreases the risk of penile cancer.[19] There is some debate in the medical community over whether the foreskin is vestigial or performs a function in sexual activity and in infancy. Complication rates increase significantly with age.[20] Bleeding, infection, and the removal of either too much or too little foreskin are the most common acute complications, while meatal stenosis is the most common long-term.[21] Major medical organizations hold variant views on the strength of circumcision's prophylactic efficacy in developed countries. Some medical organizations take the position that it carries prophylactic health benefits which outweigh the risks, while other medical organizations generally hold the belief that in these situations its medical benefits are not counterbalanced by risk.[22][23][24][25]

  1. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference AAP_2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference WHO_2007_GTDPSA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference lissauer_2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference hay_2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference rudolph_2011 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Mark-2003a was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Hamilton-1990 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference Al-Salem-2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference Afshar_2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Doy2005 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference alanis_2004 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference yuan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference rehmeyer_2011 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference larke_HPV_2011 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference Chikutsa-2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference WHO-2010b was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference siegfried_Cochrane_2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ Cite error: The named reference Merson-2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference Thomas_2021 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ Cite error: The named reference weiss_2010_complications was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference Selekman-2020 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ Cite error: The named reference Gable-2007 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. ^ Cite error: The named reference WHO-2010a was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  24. ^ Cite error: The named reference Bolnick_2012_ch1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference caga-anan_2011 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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