The history of Peru spans 15 millennia,[1] extending back through several stages of cultural development along the country's desert coastline and in the Andes mountains. Peru's coast was home to the Norte Chico civilization, the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the six cradles of civilization in the world. When the Spanish arrived in the sixteenth century, Peru was the homeland of the highland Inca Empire, the largest and most advanced state in pre-Columbian America. After the conquest of the Incas, the Spanish Empire established a Viceroyalty with jurisdiction over most of its South American domains. Peru declared independence from Spain in 1821, but achieved independence only after the Battle of Ayacucho three years later.
Modern historiography of Peru divides its history into three main periods:[2]
A pre-Hispanic period, which lasts from the first civilizations of the region to the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire.
A viceregal or colonial period, which lasts from the aforementioned conquest to the Peruvian declaration of independence.
A republican period, which lasts from the war of independence to the current day.
^"Peru's plenty brought ancient human migration to a crawl". 2017-05-31. Retrieved 2023-06-05.
^"Etapas de la historia del Perú" (PDF). Aprendo en Casa - Ministerio de Educación. 2021.
The historyofPeru spans 15 millennia, extending back through several stages of cultural development along the country's desert coastline and in the Andes...
agricultural historyofPeru includes agriculture, cultivation of plants and herbs and general changes in the historyof farming in Peru or its historical...
This is a timeline ofPeruvianhistory, comprising important legal & territorial changes and political events in Peru and its predecessor states. To read...
The Viceroyalty ofPeru (Spanish: Virreinato del Perú), officially known as the Kingdom ofPeru, was a Spanish imperial provincial administrative district...
cuisines and as an exemplar of fusion cuisine, due to its long multicultural history. Peruvian cuisine reflects the influences of indigenous ingredients and...
The industries of the economy ofPeru arose in response to the country's rich natural resources. During the regime of the Inca Empire, the economy was...
The historyof the Jews in Peru begins with the arrival of migration flows from Europe, Near East and Northern Africa. Some Jewish conversos arrived at...
Peru, officially the Republic ofPeru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil...
of the Republic ofPeru takes place in a framework of a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President ofPeru is...
The Peruvian Armed Forces (Spanish: Fuerzas Armadas del Perú) are the military services ofPeru, comprising independent Army, Navy and Air Force components...
The Peruvian conflict is an ongoing armed conflict between the Government ofPeru and the Maoist guerilla group Shining Path and its remnants. The conflict...
Indigenous peoples ofPeru, or Native Peruvians, comprise a large number of ethnic groups who inhabit territory in present-day Peru. Indigenous cultures...
part of the royal commentary (la Segunda parte de los comentarios reales) better known as the General historyofPeru (La historia general del Perú), is...
The President ofPeru (Spanish: Presidente del Perú), officially called the Constitutional President of the Republic ofPeru (Spanish: presidente constitucional...
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, also known as the Conquest ofPeru, was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas...
See: Homosexuality in Ancient Peru Homosexuality in Peru was decriminalised in 1837. See: LGBT rights in Peru "Where is it illegal to be gay?". BBC News...
is the currency ofPeru; it is subdivided into 100 céntimos ("cents"). The ISO 4217 currency code is PEN. The sol replaced the Peruvian inti in 1991 and...
Peru has some of the greatest biodiversity in the world. It belongs to the select group of mega diverse countries because of the presence of the Andes...
societies of many indigenous people. They stretched down the spine of the Andes for 4,000 km (2,500 mi) from southern Colombia, to Ecuador and Peru, including...
nicknames of Ciudad Blanca (Spanish for "White City") and León del Sur (Spanish for "Lion of the South"), is a city in Peru and the capital of the eponymous...
This is a demography of the population ofPeru including population density, ethnicity, education level, the health of the populace, economic status,...
Peruvian nationality law is regulated by the 1993 Constitution ofPeru, the Nationality Law 26574 of 1996, and the Supreme Decree 010-2002-IN, which regulates...
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